How Crm Effect For Motivate Customer Within Uk Retail...

Research Methodology Methodology refers the focus toward science that studies the method of problem solving. Most sciences have their own methodology it is sometimes used separately with ‘’methods’’ particularly, however a complex methods or body of methods rules and postulate employed by discipline. Methodology can properly refer to the theoretical analysis of the methods, which suitable and appropriate to a field of study or to the body of methods and principal that particular to a branch of knowledge we discuss how CRM effects to motivate customer in UK retail industries. THEORATICAL FRAMEWORK. Frame of reference. Customer satisfaction and customer loyalty are the basic and main success factors in the market†¦show more content†¦In this way best customer has been serve best way and in case of uninterested customer leads to their dissatisfaction and eventual defection. To become succeed and different in the new customer economy where loyalty particularly among high value customers, can be extremely difficult and companies need to target investment strategies.in order to get customer loyalty. †¢ Investing in your best and loyal customer first. †¢ Towards a one single view of a customer. †¢ Create and exchange of values between company and customer. †¢ Some simple tactics or techniques for improving best customer satisfaction. Customer loyalty. The definition of loyalty is very simple is when a customer is faithful to your business or company and brand of the product they will come again and again to do purchase with you. Even when you may not have the best product, price and delivery service. Loyalty is the result of past positive experiences with an individual and having that person return back to you various times due to these experiences. If you can recognize the unique situation of your customer at any point in time, like their current business conditions, purchase history or immediacy of purchases, these little piece of information can be benefit to your business. Measuring the effectiveness of your client history against loyalty is a responsibility for tool like CRM system.

Plastic Surgery Physical Or Emotional Problem - 1988 Words

Plastic Surgery: Physical or Emotional Problem? Nowadays, plastic surgery has become an extremely popular and powerful procedure for people, especially for women, to fit in their notion of beauty associated with gender, race, ethnics and social class. Plastic surgery pressures people to appear more physically attractive to model ideals and be more socially accepted in society, as beauty is a construct based entirely on childhood impressions, influences and role models. Some other people in their futile attempts of meeting these ideals with dieting and exercising, are drive them to physically alter their appearance by plastic surgery. So, the question is should one pursue plastic surgery to look better, even if that is just based on society†¦show more content†¦Moreover, those kinds of plastic surgery are not even originally purposed: â€Å"Plastic surgery is a medical procedure with the purpose of alteration or restoring the form of the body. Though cosmetic or aesthetic surgery is the most well known kind of plastic sur gery, plastic surgery itself is not necessarily considered cosmetic† (Gillies 63). Plastic surgery was first used to remodel broken bones and distorted features of the face such as connection of the lips to the nose. People have distorted the initial purpose of the plastic surgery, with the help of plastic surgeons. Moreover, once the surgery is effectuated, there is no way to turn back. As a consequence, people might consider having another surgery to fix the flaws and result in being addicted to it. Because once we get into the habit of spotting our appearance negative points, you might be likely unsatisfied with the results and think about plastic surgery again. That is the reason why people that are going to take the risks of being under the knife should strongly reconsider. In â€Å"Reshaping the female body: The dilemma of cosmetic surgery†, Kathy Davis has illustrated according to the perfectionism, people will psychologically never accept themselves (23). Even though lots of the surgical operations successfully performed, most patients will find imperfection in their bodies afterwards just because they are trying to fix their identities, and their emotional issue is not completelyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Article Teens Under The Knife By Kaitlyn Ali And Tiffany Lam1351 Words   |  6 PagesIn the article entitled Teens Under the Knife written by Kaitlyn Ali and Tiffany Lam readers are informed on the possible risks that are exposed to teens who have cosmetic surgery. Ali and Lam state, There are many risks in plastic surgery, such as permanent numbness, infections, blood clots, and even death (par. 9). The developing bo dies of teens are still changing which could lead to altering the effects or future displacement of the surgical procedure. The article states, Because teens Read MoreHow Plastic Surgery Affects Society1551 Words   |  7 Pagescontroversial; plastic surgery has the capability to change lives of various individuals from diverse socioeconomic levels. Plastic surgery covers a broad spectrum of services which are included in reconstructive surgery, as well as, the popular aesthetic appeal of cosmetic surgery. Plastic surgery affects society both physically, psychologically, and emotionally. From Operation Smile to botox, accident victims to breast augmentation, and Little Baby Face Foundation to facelifts; plastic surgery can giveRead MoreBeauty Is No Longer A Personal Matter1202 Words   |  5 Pagesthe help of the mass media, a number of computer edited images are presented to the public, and these images are often promoted as â€Å"beautiful.† Many people seek to alter thei r appearances through surgeries, and some even become obsessed with the thought of beauty that they go through numerous surgeries in attempt to achieve the â€Å"perfect look.† These obsessive thoughts with regards to beauty can be explained through the interactionist perspective, in which shared meanings are established through theRead MoreCosmetic Plastic Surgery : Cosmetic Surgery994 Words   |  4 PagesOther failures related to cosmetic plastic surgery are often linked to the use of Botox. 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Plastic surgery is widelyRead MoreCauses of Plastic Surgery Mishaps1658 Words   |  7 Pages1 Causes of Plastic Surgery Mishaps Jill Ayala Eng 101 May 29, 2011 Linda O’Connor 2 Plastic surgery has become an obsession in the United States in the past 10 years. More than 13.1 million procedures were performed in 2010 in the United States, up 2% from 2009 (American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 2010). Today’s society places a great deal of emphasis on physical appearance and people are striving to change their appearance, no matter what the cost. More and more people areRead MorePlastic Surgery And Its Effects880 Words   |  4 PagesPlastic surgery has advanced drastically in the past few years. Before plastic surgery was an option, to correct a body part from injury, disease or an illness they had to just deal with their appearance. Today many people are getting plastic surgery to improve their appearance because they believe in their minds that something is wrong with them base on what our sociality standard are. I think it is an unnecessary surgery and many people put their health and well-being at risk. Some people evenRead MoreThe Plastic Generation (Persuasive Speech on Child Cosmetic Surgery)960 Words   |  4 PagesThe Plastic Generation Famous actress and model Patricia Heaton once said â€Å"Plastic surgery is like the big elephant in the Hollywood living room,† (Brainy Quotes). For celebrities, a plastic surgery operation is just another trip to the doctor’s office. After all, in this day and age, image is everything. We see this in high profile professions, and in large cities across the country. However, recently in Beverly Hills, California, girls as young as 16 are getting nose-jobs as a â€Å"Right of Passage†Read MoreShould Cosmetic Surgery Be Banned?921 Words   |  4 PagesShould Cosmetic Surgery Be Banned? When it comes to ones’ looks, one immediately points out the unwanted features in them. Many, after pointing them out, seek for easy solutions to fix them. Therefore, ending up with a solution, cosmetic surgery. Cosmetic surgery, also known as aesthetic surgery, is the process of enhancing, or improving physical looks. Plastic surgery (P-SURG) is similar to cosmetic surgery but serve different purposes. Plastic surgery is the reconstruction of someone’s appearanceRead MoreThe Effects Of Plastic Surgery1389 Words   |  6 PagesPlastic surgery in today’s medical world Plastic surgery can be defined as the specialty in the medical field that involves the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. Plastic surgery can be separated into two groups: reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery. The thesis of this essay is to examine these two types of surgery and to examine the effect that it has on today’s medical world, and what causes people to seek plastic surgery. Reconstructive surgery includes craniofacial

Understand the Work of the Ream Free Essays

Understand the work of the team 3. 1 Team work is essential for the school curriculum to be taught across the school starting with the head teacher down to the TA. Another benefit of teamwork is that the teacher can divide the work out between the members of the team. We will write a custom essay sample on Understand the Work of the Ream or any similar topic only for you Order Now This enables the individuals to concentrate on their specific duties that will contribute to the teacher’s lesson plan. This gets the job done faster. Communication / sharing ideas become an important aspect of teamwork, so the whole team can see the class progress steadily to its goals. 3. 2 The class teacher’s purpose and objective is for the running of their class and making sure that the national curriculum is delivered and delegate duties to the TAs that are in their class. The TA; s role is to support the teacher in delivering the national curriculum do the tasks set out and deliver feed back 3. 3 My role in the class is to help the class teacher. On a Monday I go to Mrs. , s class and get the children get ready for forest school in a safe manner when the class are ready we sing the forest school song then go in to forest school out the other side and around the running track looking at all the interesting things like plants etc then when we are around the track we play 123 where are you in which the class go away and hide and we shout 123 where are you and they respond with 123 we are over here and then we go and find then the kids love this game , when we get back in to forest school the kids had some paint brushes an were encouraged to write some simple words with wet mud on decorators backing paper or on any think that wanted to write on within reason once the activities were over we packed up spades and buckets rakes and the rest of the stuff and put them safely away and get the washed and changed ready for dinner In the afternoon session anther teacher comes in to the class and my role was then to take groups of 4 kids and do phonics with them this consisted of the class teacher giving me recourses which were A4 pieces of laminated paper letters on and I would sound out a letter and they would have to find that letter, anther activity was another piece of A4 laminated paper with pictures on they would have a letter on the top and the kids would have to find the items on the paper starting with that letter normally 4 items , then we play I spy I would 4 items on the table sound out the word and ask them which item they thought it would be after that it was time to get them ready for home. 3. 4 When working in a team I always respect my colleges and opines if I don’t respect their opines how can I expect them to listen to me, almost all my colleagues have a lot more experience than myself and would be able to offer me good advice in situations I have had no experience of. How to cite Understand the Work of the Ream, Papers

GENIE Essay Example For Students

GENIE Essay Childhood is such a precious, yet trenchant part of life. We all have memories of our days as children along with stories of lessons learned.Childhood is reflected by most as being a time of bliss and enlightenment.As I recall my childhood an avalanche of mixed feelings suffocates me. Would I be able to interpret these feelings if I had not learned language? More importantly, is it possible to teach language after the critical period has been extinguished? This is the prominent question that arose in my mind as I read A Silent Childhood. The researchers goal was to establish if Genie was capable of language after eleven years of isolation. Also, how much of language, if any is innate, and how much is learned?Genie? First of all, that name bothers me. Why in the world would someone name the child Genie? Granted, it was during the seventies when these events occurred, however, that is the best name they could conjure up? Websters dictionary defines a genie as a supernatural spirit that often takes human form. Were the researchers inferring that they did not view this poor child as human? Why not name her something ladylike and promising like Hope or Heaven. With a child like Genie who was deprived of any sort of nurturing and positive reinforcement, I would think the name would be the first place to start in reconciling the child with a positive outlook upon herself and the world. A name like Genie gives me the impression that it is going to take magic to repair all the damage that has been done. The article later stated that Genie liked when she was described as pretty. Wouldnt it have been great if her name made her feel pretty? Since a name is something one hears hundreds time a day, the repetition of a beautiful name would redirect the negative thoughts that were pounded in her head for so many years. Speaking of years, Genie was thirteen when her mother stumbled into the social welfare office. Scientists dont agree how language is acquired, but they do agree that the first years of life a critical for language. Some scientists even believe that language is almost impossible to learn after the age of seven, six years before Genie was brought in for help. Behaviorists like B.F. Skinner believed language is learned through imitation, association of sights and sounds of words, and reinforcement. Genie was not exposed to any of this. Linguist Noam Chomsky believes that when a child is given the adequate nurture, language just happens to the child. Genie was not given the adequate nurture either. Because of this and the terrible condition she was in, I would have taken care of her emotional and physical needs first. Putting her in the hospital was the right idea, but that particular hospital was not the best place. Even though the hospital was well known, it was perhaps too well known. There was a tremendous amount of commotion and this is exactly what Genie didnt need. I would have put her hospital that was smaller and less well known. The fact that competition for access to Genie was fierce by the researchers was something that should not have taken place. It appeared that many people were more concerned with their personal gains rather that the well being of the child. Anyone concerned about Genies well being would have tired to get her out the hospital as soon as possible into a stable family. Visits from her mother was a great idea, but Irene was incapable of taking care of a child with so many needs; even after Irenes therapy (which did not accomplish that much). I would have let Genie stay in the hospital only long enough to find her a nurturing, stable home. She didnt need to get attached to a place where she would leave in a short while. She did get attached to the cooks and the handy man at the Rehabilitation Center. Being moved from Jean Butlers, back to the Rehabilitation center, to the Ringlers, to her mothers, and to foster homes was detrimental to any progress that was made. I would have let her stay with Jean Butler. Genie had gone from being the most promising case study of the twentieth century to being, in Riglers words, perhaps one of the most tested children in history.' I realize that the studies were beneficial to both Genie and the human race, but I strongly believe the testing was excessive. Even though the tests were like a game and even though Genie preferred adults to children, she should have been able to have some sort of a normal childhood. I think too much studying was done and not enough caring was done. Genie needed more one-on-one time. She needed stability and the reassurances that she could act out and express herself. She only expressed herself to someone when she was used to him or her. She also stopped her constipation when she was used to staying somewhere. Because her environment was not threatening, she didnt have to feel like she needed to control something (her bowels and her expression). .uf6ab89ef23600f8ece694dcc6a5f2af7 , .uf6ab89ef23600f8ece694dcc6a5f2af7 .postImageUrl , .uf6ab89ef23600f8ece694dcc6a5f2af7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf6ab89ef23600f8ece694dcc6a5f2af7 , .uf6ab89ef23600f8ece694dcc6a5f2af7:hover , .uf6ab89ef23600f8ece694dcc6a5f2af7:visited , .uf6ab89ef23600f8ece694dcc6a5f2af7:active { border:0!important; } .uf6ab89ef23600f8ece694dcc6a5f2af7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf6ab89ef23600f8ece694dcc6a5f2af7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf6ab89ef23600f8ece694dcc6a5f2af7:active , .uf6ab89ef23600f8ece694dcc6a5f2af7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf6ab89ef23600f8ece694dcc6a5f2af7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf6ab89ef23600f8ece694dcc6a5f2af7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf6ab89ef23600f8ece694dcc6a5f2af7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf6ab89ef23600f8ece694dcc6a5f2af7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf6ab89ef23600f8ece694dcc6a5f2af7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf6ab89ef23600f8ece694dcc6a5f2af7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf6ab89ef23600f8ece694dcc6a5f2af7 .uf6ab89ef23600f8ece694dcc6a5f2af7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf6ab89ef23600f8ece694dcc6a5f2af7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Of mice and men Argumentative EssayI would have placed her with a family that agreed to adopt her for life (preferably Jean Butler). She would have had a home health aid to make sure she continued to be healthy and maybe do some physical therapy to ease her development. I would have let Susan Curtiss observe and visit maybe three to four hours a day and any other research would have to be limited to just two days a week for two to three hours. Visits from her mother are very important so she could visit her mother whenever time permitted. I think putting her in school was also a great idea. I would have placed her in school as soon as possible. Its hard to say if Genie wou ld have been able to live independently, but that would have been my goal. It is truly a shame that there was competition to study Genie, but when she was living with her mother, and she needed help hardly anyone could be found. It is also unfair that out of all the money that went to study her, almost none of it went to the benefit her or her mother. Why is Genie now living in a home for adults who are retarded when she is not retarded? Did everyone just give up on her?I have neither given or received nor have I tolerated the use of unauthorized aid.Bibliography:

Tennis Essays (1049 words) - Startup Cult, Maureen OHara Filmography

Tennis It was my last year at San Fernando high. It was a memorable time of my life because I knew that I would graduate at the end of that year. My senior year also became the most significant year of my life, because I got to do something that I have always wanted to try tennis. I had always wanted to play tennis ever since I was a kid, but there wasn't enough time for me to join tennis team. One day, Mr. Cockerill who was my teacher and also the tennis coach, encouraged me to join the team. I thought it might be the only chance for me to get involved, and decided to join the team. Mr. Cockerill was assigned to be our coach. He is a tall, strong old man with a red face. I loved to listen of what he said, because I felt he was giving me a valuable lesson especially during practice hours that he thought it could be use for the game. My first lesson was not that great. I had to pick up the balls most of the time. I was unable to hold firmly a tennis racket's grip. I practiced very hard almost every day after school included the weekends. There were few times I wanted to quit the challenges, but my friends had given back my courage. These friends of mine had started playing tennis two years before I came in to join the team. Their skills were so much improved compared to me. They were willing to stay and practice with me. I was also happy that my oldest brother, an excellent singles player helped me out at the start. At home I often admire his awards and whispered to myself that; "I would never get one like this all my life. It is impossible for me to be an athlete." In the beginning, I knew that I wasn't a good player, but it didn't stop me from joining the team. However my father was worried that if I came home so late at night, I wouldn't have enough time to study for other classes. He didn't allow me to be involved in this kind of activity. I wanted to beg my dad to let me continue, but we didn't have a good communication with each other. I felt either very guilty for not joining the team or for going against my dad's will. He would disown me if I didn't listen to him. I felt I was pushed to the edge of a cliff. His attitude had emotionally hurt when I personally heard it of what he had treated me. I couldn't stop crying for days. My tears just ceaselessly drooped. My coach worried why I didn't look so well in class. He asked few times, but I couldn't find a way to start explaining the whole situation. I really wanted to resolve this problem as soon as possible. It was my dream to be in tennis team, and Mr. Cockerill was the only person who can talk to my dad. Finally, he actually did let me join the team. In the end, I realized that how difficult it was for me to be on the tennis team. I should play my best in order to please my dad, my coach, my friends, and for San Fernando high. During the first tournament, I was very nervous and excited at the same time. It was my first competition; I couldn't hold my racket still. My entire body was shaking, but luckily no one noticed that. Mr. Cockerill gathered us in class and explained what the strategies would be and how we should play. He also reminded us to have a positive attitude even if we lost the game. At the end of the game I lost to my opponent with a scoring 3-8. I felt very happy that at least I had made some effort for my score, and I took me few weeks to practice. Mr. Cockerill was very kind and so understanding. He didn't only slow anything about the lost, but he also took well care of us with cookies, fruits and drinks. I had followed his teaching, "as long as you all do your best, I am very please, and I ask no more than that." I kept it as an encouragement. My time was devoted to this game at least one or two hours everyday. Mr. Cockerill was very satisfied because I would never

THE EFFECTS OF NATIONALISM ON THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION WORLD WAR II AND THE COLDWAR essays

THE EFFECTS OF NATIONALISM ON THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION WORLD WAR II AND THE COLDWAR essays According to most historians, the term nationalism refers to the loyalty and devotion of persons or citizens to a particular nation through a sense of national consciousness that places one nation above all others. In addition, nationalism places a primary emphasis on the cultural aspects and interests of a nation as opposed to those of other nations or groups. The main reasons for nationalism are usually based on national security and defense, especially during times of war. In world history, one can find many examples of nationalism, such as during the Russian Revolution of 1917, World War II and the Cold War. In November of 1917, a coup d'etat headed by Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik party created the Russian Revolution which overthrew the monarchy of Nicholas II. The reasons for this revolution are all based on nationalism, for it is clear that the Bolsheviks, seeing themselves as the saviors of Russia, were very upset with the political, social and economic conditions in their country. While Nicholas II was emperor, the social conditions in Russia were in turmoil, for a good number of the common workers and the peasant classes lived under extreme conditions of poverty, while Nicholas and his family lived in the most luxurious of settings, comfortably secure in their magnificent palaces and country homes with all the splendors of wealth and prosperity. In addition, these radical movements gave the common man and woman a voice and much recognition as compared to their status while under the reign of the monarchs, for after the revolution, they were able to question the rule of the Russian aristocracy. With the help of Karl Marx's 2 Communist Manifesto, the Russian Revolution became the hallmark of nationalism, due to the Bolsheviks's view that Marxism was the solution for their destitution and lack of a ...

Understanding consumer behavior Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Understanding consumer behavior - Assignment Example The service provided by concerned hotel is the most crucial factor for retaining customers’ loyalty and increase overall visits. For the success of the service industry, it is essential to offer the products and/or services according to the needs of the customers. Moreover, in order to face the increased completion in the hotel industry, it is necessary to examine the pattern of consumer behavior (Rani 52-61). Behavior of an individual is influenced by a number of factors including culture, social group, family members and other factors. A proper identification of the factors that are likely to influence the behavior of the customers enables the marketers to develop appropriate strategy for the development of the hotel business. The main aim of the hotel industry is to fulfill the needs of the customers and the studying consumer behavior facilitates the development of best products as well as offering unique services. Another factor that is most crucial and is likely to affect the buying decision is the prices of the products. The buying decision of the customers is linked with the price factor. Therefore, for this purpose of examining consumer behavior, it is likely to identify the preferable price of services offered. In addition to this, analyzing consumer behavior enables the marketers to identify the most suitable promotion method that has the potential to attract the potential custo mers as well as retain the existing ones (Rani 52-61). Consumers’ needs, motivation and values. Motivation is one of the important factors that are likely to influence consumer behavior, which in turn affects the purchase decision. Motivation enables an individual to undertake certain measure that has the potential to satisfy the needs and wants. In the context of consumer behavior, analyzing the motivation factors of the individuals is likely to be beneficial in attaining competitive advantage as compared to other hotels operating in the area. For

Health Care Reform Explained Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health Care Reform Explained - Coursework Example This way, the government foresees the rise of insurance companies a feature that will enhance competition in the industry thereby improving the quality of the overages and the number of insured Americans. Exchange programs will enable citizens to change their insurance services providers in case they change location throughout the country. Furthermore, the law will discourage insurance companies from failing to insure children with preexisting medical conditions such as asthma among others (United States, 2011). Among the groups of people the act will affect are medical practitioners, employers and the government (Barr, 2011). Medical practitioners are likely to experience an increase in the number of patients. As such, the law promises to better their working condition and improve their pay thereby motivating them to work harder. Employers will have to insure their employees. Insurance is always a costly affair and most employers prefer it when their employees insure themselves. With the new law, the government will provide incentives and grants to insurance service providers and tax incentives to employers thereby ensuring that they benefit when they insure their employees. The federal government on the other hand will have to increase its expenditure in order to ensure the success of the law. United States. (2011).  The consequences of Obamacare: Impact on Medicaid and state health care reform : hearing before the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, first session, March 1, 2011. Washington: U.S.

Mass Spectrometry PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mass Spectrometry - PowerPoint Presentation Example The ions are then separated according to charge to mass ratio. They thus deflect such that those with the same mass to charge ratio experience the same deflection. The results are displayed spectra. The molecules or atoms in the sample are identified by comparing the found masses with the known masses. Mass spectrometry technology finds a wide range of applications such as in identifying unknown compounds, determining isotropic composition of element in a molecule and elucidating the structure of a compound. The ion analyser: - fragment ions as well as molecular ions are accelerated by manipulation of the charged particles. The mass analysis uses negative and positive voltages to control the path of the ions. Uncharged molecules and fragments are pumped away. The paths the ions assume are determined by their charge to mass ratio. Ionisation occurs at the ionizer stage. For soft ionisation, the bombardment which is carried out, impact very little residual energy onto the sample molecule resulting into very little fragmentation. Hard ionisation processes result into high residual energy into the sample material thereby leading t large fragmentation. The diagram above show the mass spectrum of pentan-3-one. Here the commonest fragment oin(tallest peak) is at m/x = 5 in is important to note that this isn’t produced the same ion. The m/z =5 was produced by [CH3CH2CH2CH2]+ therefore, there is possibility of getting a particular fragment from pentane. The peak with the m/z =29 is produced my the ethyl

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Epidural

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Epidural Is epidural the best of all words – no pain but full consciousness? (Yerby, 2000). Discuss During pregnancy many women give some thought on what they will do to cope with labour pain. Some women aim to have the most natural type of birth, with the least possible pharmacological interventions. Others request a pain free labour, such as opting for an epidural anaesthesia as a type of pain relief. But do women actually know about the risks epidural anaesthesia can create for them and their baby? Or do they opt for it just because they heard other mothers say that it was the best? Epidural anaesthesia is a type of regional anaesthesia which is rapidly increasing in its popularity. Epidural works by blocking nerve conductions from the lower spinal segments, resulting in a decreased sensation in the lower half of the body, while at the same time the mother is still awake and conscious (Fraser Cooper, 2009). The drug is administered in the lower back, into the epidural space, specifically in the lumbar region between lumbar 1 and 4. This is achieved by cautiously inserting a Tuohy needle through the lumbar intervertebral space. Once the epidural space is reached, a catheter is threaded through the needle, which will facilitate the administration of the drug either by bolus top ups or continuous infusion. Once epidural is injected, it will start to exhibit its effect within approximately 20 minutes (Johnson Taylor, 2011). Indications for using epidural anaesthesia There is no absolute indication for opting for epidural anaesthesia, however clinical instances may include: Maternal request: mothers now acknowledge the fact that they can give birth with the least possible amount of pain. Today the majority of parents already have a plan in mind of what they wish and request for their birth experience. Having ongoing accessibility to internet encourages parents to search for types of pain relief, allowing them to make their own choices of what they think is best for them. Upon searching and from what they hear from other mothers, they are actually believing that epidural is one of the best choices of pain relief medication (Johnson Taylor, 2011). Pain relief: prolonged labour can be very tiring and stressful for the mother. Having an epidural can help in reducing the continuous stress of contractions and can possibly help the mother to relax, making her able to conserve energy for later use during the active phase of the second stage of labour (Johnson Taylor, 2011). Hypotension: epidural has the potential to lower down the blood pressure. This can be used as an advantage for women who suffer from high blood pressure. Thus this anaesthesia can possibly stabilise the blood pressure during labour, aiming to reduce complications (Johnson Taylor, 2011). Preterm labour: epidural aims to decrease the sensation of powerful contractions and so can be opted for to possibly lower the desire to push during a preterm labour. Use of such anaesthesia depends on the specific condition of the mother and the baby (Johnson Taylor, 2011). Side effects of epidural anaesthesia on the mother Opting for an epidural can deliver a good experience amongst many women. Mothers are able to rest and relax from the painful contractions while at the same time they are awake and conscious. However, opting for this anaesthesia is very likely to be the beginning of a cascade of interventions. This means that birth can be transformed into a very medicalised experience, ending up with the mother feeling that she has lost control over her own birth experience. In fact, the World Health Organization states that, â€Å"epidural analgesia is one of the most striking examples of the medicalisation of normal birth, transforming a physiological event into a medical procedure.† Generally, decision of opting for such a pain relief is made without the mothers awareness of the possible complications it can create. Hypotension: Studies show that epidural can be the cause of a sudden drop in blood pressure. Although the drug is injected around the spinal cord, there can be a degree of the anaesthesia that passes into the maternal blood stream, with the consequence of lowering the blood pressure (Healthline Editorial Team, 2012). This in turn would require, prompt venous access in order to administer fluids to quickly correct the blood pressure. Low blood pressure will result in less oxygen reaching the baby, which upon prolonged exposure can result in hypoxia of the baby. In much more severe cases, medications and oxygen may also be required in order to maintain a stable condition (Mehl-Madrona Mehl-Madrona). Delayed labour: Studies have shown that epidural anaesthesia, can be the cause of slowing down labour process. This is mainly due to the interaction of the drug with the birthing hormones. Epidural anaesthesia tends to decrease the production of oxytocin (Rahm, Hallgren, Hogberg, Hurtig Odlind, 2002). Oxytocin is one of the main hormones of labour, that is episodically released from the posterior Pituitary gland in order to stimulate the uterine myometruim to contract and retract, facilitating the foetal ejection reflex of birth (Fraser Cooper, 2009). Moreover, epidural also lowers the production of prostaglandin. This uterotonic hormone is essential for cervical ripening, effacement and dilation during labour (Kresser, 2011). As a result to this reduction of birthing hormones, the process of labour is hindered and thus upon medical decision, synthetic oxytocin known as Syntocinon is given in attempt to accelerate labour process, aiming to strengthen and increase the frequency of contractions (Fraser Cooper, 2009). Prior to the administration of Syntocinon, amniotomy is to be performed, unless membranes were previously ruptured. Having Syntocinon infusion, requires continuous electronic foetal monitoring in order to accurately observe the foetal heart and uterine activity. This in turn restricts mobility. The rate of Syntocinon infusion should be carefully observed in order to exclude uterine hyperstimulation. This is when having four or more contractions in a ten minute period, which in turn causes poor placental perfusion ending up with the foetus getting compromised, as blood flow between the mother and the foetus tends to decrease during contractions (Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust, 2012). In addition, if uterine hyperstimulation is ignored, it can ultimately cause uterine rupture or placental abruption. It is the role of the midwife to continuously monitor the state of the mother. Palpation of the fundus is one of the skills used to determine the strength, frequency and length of contractions, altogether with electronic foetal monitoring (Buckley, 2005). Moreover, Syntocinon can create a feeling of lack of breath, confusion, fast and irregular heartbeats, severe headaches and chest pains. In-coordination of Pelvic Floor Muscles: Epidural also negatively affects the strength and coordination of the pelvic floor muscles. These muscles guide the foetal head to enter the pelvis in the best position for the delivery of the baby. Lack of such coordination results in foetal malposition (Mander, 2011). Changing labour positions aids in the rotation of the foetal head, however if malposition persists, instrumental delivery is next in choice. The decision to proceed with an instrumental delivery would increase the likelihood of performing an episiotomy, in order to enlarge the pelvic outlet to provide the necessary room for the clinicians hands to deliver the baby (Fraser Cooper, 2009). Episiotomy on itself can be very detrimental to the mother. Not only can it be a bleeding point, but also a source of pain and discomfort especially during urination and rest. Moreover, lack of hygiene further increases the risk of acquiring an infection (Enkin ,Keirse, Neilson, et al., 2000). Having an episiotomy, may also instigate a feeling of uncertainty and fear of when to resume to sexual life, which ultimately may create unnecessary conflict between partners. It is the midwifes role to give the mother advice on perineal care in order to reduce such negative incidences. Urination Difficulties: Epidural anaesthesia may cause numbness of the bladder, this is exhibited as decreased sensation to urinate. Inability to pass urine during birth can possibly impede the rotation of the foetal head with the consequence of inadequate foetal descent (Baston Hall, 2009). During birth, the midwife is to encourage the mother to urinate frequently. If she is unable to do so, the midwife should look for other signs that may indicate a full bladder. Abdominal palpation is one of the skills that can be carried out to indicate such a measure. In urinary retention, the mother may require catheterisation. A urinary catheter is inserted through the mothers urinary orifice. This is temporarily situated in the bladder, and allows the mothers urine to drain freely (Johnson Taylor, 2011). The procedure of catheterisation itself may make the mother feel uncomfortable. Moreover, the catheter pipe provides the perfect pathway for the entry of bacteria possibly ending up with a urinary tract infection, especially if there is a poor level of hygiene (Fraser Cooper, 2009). Pyrexia: If epidural anaesthesia happens to be in place for more than 5 hours, there is an increased tendency to a rise in maternal temperature, resulting in the foetus getting compromised which is generally manifested as tachycardia. An increased maternal temperature altogether with a raised foetal heart rate could be an indication of a possible infection such as chorioamnionitis. This would require prompt action, so as to reduce the risk of adverse morbidity to the foetus. Usually an emergency caesarean section is the option (Mander, 2011). Having to follow such a procedure may create a lot of anxiety and fear amongst the parents, as suddenly they are receiving an unexpected news which leaves them confused on the health of their baby. Caesarean section is one major operation, which on its own carries a lot of risks. In fact there is a greater tendency of bleeding. Also, the mother has to cope with a lot of after pains following the procedure. Furthermore, following delivery the baby is most probably admitted to the neonatal intensive unit for investigations regarding the possibility of infection. This early separation surely creates a lot of fear and uncertainty in the newly parents. Limited Mobility: Since epidural numbs the body from the waist down, it creates a lot of restrictions in mobility. Nevertheless, it is very likely that continuous foetal monitoring is required to monitor the baby and uterine activity. This restricted mobility does not help in the physiology of normal labour (Baston Hall, 2009). Other side effects of epidural anaesthesia may include: pruritus, generalised itching of the skin, nausea, vomiting, shivering, headache, permanent nerve damage, heart and breathing difficulties. Side effects of epidural anaesthesia on the baby As discussed earlier, epidural can be the cause a variety of side effects on the labouring women, nonetheless, the baby is also very likely to be negatively effected. When epidural is injected, there may be a degree of the drug that enters the maternal blood stream. Blood eventually passes through the placenta, with the consequence of drug components ending up into the foetal circulation. Studies show that the degree of drugs in the foetus can reach levels that are equal to or even higher than that in the maternal blood stream. In addition, the elimination process of a newborn is still quite immature, with the consequence of taking longer for the drug to be eliminated from the body. Foetal distress: this is the commonest side effect of epidural. As discussed earlier, epidural tends to lower down the maternal blood pressure with the consequence of decreasing the amount of oxygen and nutrients that reach the foetus. This phenomena is better known as foetal distress. This is commonly manifested as bradycardia as well as abnormal variations in the foetal heart rhythm (Lohse, 2015). This distress puts the baby and the mother at greater risk of intervention, which may include opting for instrumental or operative delivery. Such choice depends on the explicit condition of the mother and baby. Furthermore, the baby is also prone to experience difficulties after birth, which may include: Breastfeeding difficulties: Epidural drug components are likely to interfere with the release of oxytocin. This hormone plays an important role in the let down reflex of breastfeeding; when the baby sucks, oxytocin is released which positively feedbacks to release even more oxytocin which in turn altogether with the aid of other hormones, milk is released (Amis Green 2008). Epidural anaesthesia also has the tendency to effect the babys neuro-behavior. The newborn may show signs of drowsiness, difficulty in latching and sucking which will make breastfeeding far much more difficult to establish (Amis Green 2008). This will require more intensive care and time to acquire efficient breastfeeding, which may put the mother under great stress and anxiety. Poor condition: as stated earlier, epidural anaesthesia may cause maternal fever during labour. This in turn affects the babys condition in having poor muscle tone, may require resuscitation immediately after birth, and to a greater extent may experience seizures. This all sums up to a low apgar score at birth (Buckley, 2010). Having said that, the baby may be admitted to the neonatal intensive care for more intensive observation in order to stabilise and maintain his/her condition. This early separation from the parents surely interferes with bonding. It may even create a sense of anxiety and stress in the parents; being greatly concerned on the heath of their child. It is the role of the midwife to inform the parents on the daily condition of their baby and as much as possible find measures and ways to make them feel reassured and closer to their child (Buckley, 2010). Other side effects seen in infants are: rapid breathing and low blood sugar levels. As we midwives are knowledgable of all the risks this pharmacological pain relief brings with it, it is our role that during labour we suggest other methods of pain relief, possibly non pharmacological ones. If the mother happens to request for pharmacological ones, we should make her aware of all the benefits and risks, and in this way we enable the mothers make an informed choice. Reference List Amis, D., Green, J. (2008). Prepared childbirth the family way (Revised ed.). Family Way Publications Inc. Baston, H., Hall, J. (2009). Midwifery essentials: Labour: Volume 3 (1sted.). Churchill Livingstone. Buckley, S. J. (2005). Epidurals: Risks and concerns for mother and baby. Buckley, S. J. (2010). The hidden risk of epidurals. Mothering the Home for Natural Family Living. Enkin,M., Keirse, M., Neilson, J., Crowther, C., Duley, L.,Hodnett, E., Hofmeyr, J. (2000). A guide to effective care in pregnancy and childbirth (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fraser, D.M., Cooper, M.A. (2009). Myles textbook for midwives (15th ed.). London:Churcill Livingstone. Healthline Editorial Team. (15 March 2012). Risks of epidurals during delivery. Johnson, R., Taylor, W. (2011). Skills for midwifery practice (3rd ed.) London:Churcill Livingstone. Kresser, C. (2011). Natural childbirth IV: The hormones of birth. Lets Take Back Your Health — Starting Now. Lohse, M. (2015). Epidural side effects for a baby. Livingstrong.Com. Mander, R. (2011). Pain in childbearing and its control (2nd ed.) London:Wiley Blackwell. Mehl-Madrona, L. Mehl-Madrona, M. (2008). Medical risks of epidural anaesthesia during childbirth. Rahm, V., Hallgren, A., Hogberg, H., Hurtig, I., Odlind, V. (2002). Plasma oxytocin levels in women during labor with or without epidural analgesia: A prospective study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 81. Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust. (2012). Use of oxytocin. Clinical Guideline for the use of Oxytocin (Syntocinon) in the First and Second Stage of Labour, Danica Chetcuti

HR Compliance and Ethics Essay -- Business Human Resources

Today’s business performs in form of a corporation or an organization that consists with various people to conduct and perform work tasks for such a company to achieve its business goals. Therefore, those people who work for such companies should be treated equally for receiving an opportunity to achieve their lives as they are humans under the ethical and moral concern. Moreover, everyone who lives in the same nation should also have the right to pursue his or her achievement through ability of such a person, not because of other factors such as gender, age, race and ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, disabilities, and social status, or because a person is discriminated by those factors. In 1961, Affirmative Action was created by President John F. Kennedy, which had its purpose regarded to gender and race in employment, and was a movement of Equal Employment Opportunity Act (Fullinwider, 2009; Gomez-Mejia & Balkin, 2002; University of California, 2002) According to Byras and Rues (2004), they defined that â€Å"equal employment opportunity refers to the right of all people to work and to advance on the basis of merit, ability and potential† (p. 43). Therefore, some important laws of equal employment opportunity in which human resources managers should know are as the following. Equal Pay Act of 1963 The Pay Act of 1963 prohibit sex-based discrimination in pay rate to employees which means employees of such companies who work the same or similar jobs get paid the same rate of pay either they are man or woman. However, the act allow such companies to use difference of wage, salary, or other compensations based on seniority, merit, quantity and quality of production, or a differential due to any factors other than sex and oth... ...ed April 29, 2010, from . Fielding, J. (1990). Discrimination law—impermissible use of the necessity defense and the bona fide occupational qualification. Western New England Law Review, 12(1), pp. 135-165. Retrieved April 28, 2010, from Google Scholar database. Fullinwider, R. (2009). Affirmative Action. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved November 5, 2009, from . Gomez-Mejia, L. R. & Balkin, D. B. (2002) Management. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Mathis, R. L. & Jackson, J. H. (2006). Human resources management (11th e.d.). Ohio: Thomson Corporation. University of California at Irvine. (2002). A brief history of affirmative action. (updated 11/02/2005). Retrieved November 5, 2009, from .

Observing Children

Three observations of child development. This is an assignment consisting of three observations pertaining to a child’s development in three core areas, specifically, a young person’s social, emotional and physical maturity. Firstly it contemplates the social development of a four year old boy in an educational nursery setting, via an observation utilizing the narrative technique. Secondly the intellectual (cognitive) development of a five year old girl is reflected upon in a home setting, using the sampling approach.Finally the physical maturity of a four year old boy is considered in a home setting, using the checklist method. These individual records highlight areas that are deemed to be pertinent to the applicable study, drawing conclusions and evaluating how the findings are relevant. These inferences are supported by appropriate theory, before conferring recommendations correlating to the observation, considering future needs/requirements. Observation one: Social development. Name of observer: Lee Bogan. Name of child: O. Age of child: Four years, two months.Gender: Male. Time observation started: 9. 15. Time observation finished: 9. 45 Method: Narrative. Number of children: 5. Number of Adults: 2. Date: October 2009. Background: Child O is an only child from a single parent family and spends a lot of time with his mother and grandmother. He also suffers from a disorder which is supposed to infringe upon his social development. Aim: To observe a child aged four years two months playing outdoors in a nursery with other children, concentrating on and highlighting the preschooler’s social development.Objective: To assess O’s confidence in concordance with his ability to develop friendships and interact with peers. Setting: Educational nursery for children aged between three and four. There are places for thirty children in a session, six of which are allocated to resource children who may or may not come from the local area. Brief description: O is outside playing with plastic crates and planks of wood. There are other children in the same vicinity also playing with the materials. Description: O is making a structure comprising of plastic crates and wooden planks.He asks another child for ‘a hand’. This request is not acted upon. It becomes apparent that the edifice being constructed is a bridge when O discusses which way the bridge should face with the supervising adult, who offers him guidance and advice. O then exclaims he’ll ‘move this’, picking up a plastic crate, followed by a plank of wood, creating a new fraction of the bridge. This is achieved devoid of any assistance from other children and with a small amount of structured direction from the attentive adult. Subsequently O directs another child who is holding a plank of wood, asserting ‘put it here’.O then proceeds to move a plastic crate and wooden plank in order to adjoin it to a nearby slide that an other child is utilizing. He reiterates ‘give me a hand somebody, I need a hand’. This request is again to no avail. Hereafter O manipulates a cart/pram to reposition a plastic crate which he complements with a wooden plank, resulting in the formation of an extension to the bridge. Other children meanwhile are exploiting the sections of the bridge that have already been assembled. O gives the cart/ pram to another child. He is then asked to ring the bell to signify that it is time to tidy up.O smiles and walks over to where the bell is located. He elevates and rings the bell, smiling. The supervising adult recompenses this action/behaviour with the words ‘well done’. Evaluation: O appears confident around his peers. He explicitly asks for assistance moving building materials on numerous occasions demonstrating that he is not adverse to entering into communication and initiating social interaction with others. He fundamentally invites other children to inter act with him, though the other children appear to either not have heard the requests made or chose to ignore them.Given the close proximity of the other children, the latter scenario appears to be most likely. That ascertained, it could be construed that child O was in fact a socially ‘neglected’ child amongst his peer group (Coie, Dodge & Coppotelli, 1982). This research describes socially ‘neglected’ children as children who are neither ‘a liked nor disliked companion and appear almost invisible to their peers’. This implies that ‘neglected’ children are not being rejected by peers as they are not disliked; they are not recognised as being either socially favourable or unfavourable.Coie & Dodge (1983) actually stipulate that children who are disliked fall into the category of ‘rejected’ children and furthermore their research avers that it is far more advantageous to be ‘neglected’ as opposed to ‘r ejected’. This is asserted to be accurate as Cassidy & Asher (1992) and Crick & Ladd (1993) suggest that ‘neglectees do not feel as lonely as rejectees’. Moreover, ‘neglected’ children are far more likely to ‘attain a more favourable sociometric status’ in comparison to ‘rejected’ children, should they enrol into a new play group (Coie & Dodge, 1983).O also appears to be confident when talking and interacting with the adult supervising the play area. When deciding which direction the bridge should rotate towards O listens to the adult and uses their advice to deduce an appropriate conclusion to the immediate problem, declaring, ‘I’ll move this’. It can be intimated from this that O is confident in his own decision making and not afraid to act upon his own rationale of situations. He interacts well and shows purpose and persistence in his behaviour towards the task being undertaken. The way O interacts wit h other children during his play is perplexing.For the majority of the time he is engaged in his own solitary play, also referred to as ‘non-social activity’ (Parten, 1932). This would infer that child O was not succeeding in or attempting to develop friendships with others, however, it could be insinuated that this is not the case. Although he does spend a large majority of his time in what Parten (1932) depicts as either ‘non-social’ (solitary play) or ‘parallel’ (when children play side by side but interact little and do not try to influence the behaviour of others) play, O does display behaviour in the most advanced phase of Parten’s (1932) stages of play; ‘ co-operative play’. Co-operative play’ incorporates children collaborating to achieve shared goals (Parten, 1932). O asks for assistance on numerous occasions with the building of the bridge, as highlighted earlier, effectively inviting the other children to w ork with him to build the bridge. The other children appear to ignore him, isolating him from the rest of the group, but it could be reasoned that this is not a reflection of O’s ability to initiate interaction and form friendships but rather a reflection of the way the rest of the group appear to perceive and ignore him.The same can be derived from the behaviour O displays when he gives the pram/cart to another child (sharing toys) and gets no feedback from the beneficiary by way of acknowledgment/thank you, or by the gesture of moving the bridge over to the slide; this could be perceived as an attempt to allow the other children to interact and socialise with him but they instead choose to ignore him, nevertheless exploiting and utilizing the apparatus he has just made accessible to them. O also gives direction to another child in relation to where the plank of wood they are holding should be positioned.This again can be identified to be the more advanced stage of play in f our year olds, according to Parten (1932), as it does not fall into the category of ‘non-social’ or ‘parallel play’ since it incorporates other children. Conclusion: O does display behaviour associated with the social developmental norms for four year olds stipulated by Riddall-Leech (2008) in demonstrating that he is ‘confident’ showing ‘purpose and persistence’ as well as showing willingness to ‘develop friendships with peers’.He also shows signs of ‘co-operative play’ (Parten, 1932). However, it is apparent that his peers are not receptive to his attempts at initiating social interaction. From the information gathered it could be argued that this is due to the other children ‘neglecting’ (Coie & Dodge, 1983) O in favour of other more auspicious companions.The fact that O also mainly interacts with adults outside of the nursery setting as he is an only child from a single parent family, who spends most of his time with his mother and grandmother, may have an impact on the way he interacts and the language he uses. This may be ‘alien’ to other children who regularly socialise with both adults and children alike, isolating O from the other children, who could be unsure of how to socialise with him.Recommendations: It could be deemed beneficial for O to socialise with another group of children as Coie & Dodge (1983) express that children ‘neglected’ by their companions can gain an improved ‘sociometric’ status and increased social acceptance within a group of new peers. This would not necessarily mean O leaving the nursery; on the contrary, this could be achieved via involvement in a club/social activity outside of the nursery. Some kind of social interaction with children outside of the nursery in any situation could be perceived to be beneficial in helping O’s social development.

Moscow vs Washington essays

Moscow vs Washington essays THE MAYOR OF MOSCOW AND THE MAYOR OF WASHINGTON, D.C. Moscow is a city like no other. This ancient city of has seen the rise and fall of empires. It has been the home of rulers and despots, a token of war and an envisioned destiny for many. Yet never has it seen the likes of the last decade. The center of power for the world's largest country, Moscow is something of a powerful symbol, a center of power, and in its most simple form, a municipal city. Yet this is the great intangible mystique of Moscow. The physical city, and its leaders, are more than just leaders and she is more than just a city. At the center of the daily management of Russia's most important city is the Mayor of Moscow. Unlike what the West considers a mayor's job, Moscow's mayor goes far beyond just managing the city. He is not simply an elected municipal leader. He reports directly to the President of Russia. He is inherently virtually a Muscovite dictator and national political bear. And though Russia shrugged off Communism, it certainly hasn't installed an established and lasting system, especially at the municipal level. This has left the Mayor of Moscow with unprecedented power to do as he sees fit, especially as long as Moscow continues to experience prosperity untouched by the rest of the nation. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, no Russian icon has changed more than the city of Moscow. Though there is only one real dynamic figure to take this office, Yuri Luzhkov has truly been the spearhead in this change. In order to better understand its unique politics, one must first understand Moscow's basic setting. It is not only the capital of the nation of Russia, but also of the Moscow oblast (region). The oblast has a gubernatorial executive. In other oblasts, the regional governor is the power point. In Moscow, oblast and city, it is the mayor who maintains the greatest power. The politics of this are far reaching, for e...

How Personal Experience Drives Bestselling Fiction

How Personal Experience Drives Bestselling Fiction So youve decided to go ahead and take the plunge into writing your first novel. At the onset for first-time novelists, the process of writing can be overwhelming. How do you create realistic characters? How do you determine their motivation? How do you know the best setting to use? How do you develop the plot? How do you outline it?You can read any one (or two or twelve) of the thousands of how to write bestselling fiction books available on the market, and it is likely that each one will give you advice that varies as much as the individual authors themselves. Some will suggest involved worksheets to delineate place and character, while others will focus more on plot development than the elements of plot.The truth is, there really is no right way to write a novel. Sure, you can get some useful tips from authors who have found success in their writing and the agents who have represented those authors, but at the end of the day, there isnt an easy formula to follow to make sure your b ook is picked up by a publisher. Even when you self-publish, there is no guarantee that your book will sell beyond the basic obligatory purchases made by friends, family and acquaintances. If the story is great and the characters are well developed, you have a fighting chance at securing a publishing deal; but even then, a publisher might not be looking for that exact type of book.Considering all of the above, lets focus on a piece of advice that is found across the board in almost every major how to write bestselling fiction book on the market- namely, writing what you know and from your own experience. The reason for focusing on this one is pretty straightforward: if your odds of success are already slim, at best, why would you want to toil away at writing something that requires a lot of additional research on your end?Even if youre writing from your own knowledge base and experience, the amount of time and research required to write a bestselling fiction novel is overwhelming. A dd to that a topic that is out of your range of expertise, and youre looking at double the effort and double the time. With that in mind, consider taking some of the following approaches to determining your novels characters, setting and plotline given your unique experiences and expertise.Base your characters off of real peopleOne trait that most bestselling fiction has is true-to-life characters. These characters come across as real, allowing the reader to suspend disbelief even more when delving into the plot. The easiest way to make your characters real and true to life is to observe others closely for the sake of character building. Observe their movements, the way they interact with others, and their unique mannerisms that make them who they are. You can then build character traits based off of these observations.Make a list of your unique abilities or knowledge base that isnt commonDo you ride motorcycles? Do you play football? Do you know a foreign language? Write these skil lsets down and be as thorough as possible. Take an inventory of the things you know well that not everyone else knows. After doing this, look over your entries and consider all of the possible ways you can use that knowledge. Perhaps one of your characters rides a motorcycle? Or perhaps one has an old football injury that causes a limp? When you take this approach when writing, you will include details and information that most people wouldnt know unless they shared the same skillset, and this adds to the level of reality you need to keep your readers attention and lead them into a suspension of disbelief.Consider settings that you are familiar withSetting is important, and depending on what genre you are writing in, the use of setting could make or break the story. That being said, if your novels setting is based on a real location or multiple real locations, you will need to include a lot of details of these locations over the course of the story.There are details about cities and towns that only a person who lives there would know. This type of insider information is crucial in making your novel come to life- the more real information you can include about setting, the more authentic the story becomes for your reader. And if youd prefer to give your real town a fictional name, thats a great way to do it, as well. William Faulkner took this same approach with his fictional Yoknapatawpha County, which was a fictional county based upon and inspired by Lafayette County, Mississippi, the authors own home. His use of unique details that only an insider would know was part of the appeal to his storytelling. When you read Faulkner, you almost feel like youre in a real Mississippi town because of his use of real locations mixed into fiction.Blend your characters history into real historyBlending your characters history into real history adds a layer of authenticity to their past. Since creating characters with a past is one of the steps to giving them more depth, in termingling that past with real historical events works to round out your characters and allow the reader to believe that maybe†¦ just maybe†¦ that character exists in real life.

Biographical essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Biographical - Essay Example Chamberlain must have governed in frenzy of faith that the mad man of Germany would calm down soon. He must have played the gentle man that Britain was not going to blow the first whistle on Germany. While Hitler, Mussolini and Japan came out openly as rogue leaders and state, we sat back and watched. It seems nothing was wrong with the invasion of Manchuria. It seemed it was all okay to embark on rapid militarization of Rhineland. The appeasement policy massaged Hitler’s roaming appetites for war. I have today set foot on Europe to bring good news, thanks to Chamberlain and the appeasement policy (McDonough 1). I bring good news from the world on the other side pacific that we are indeed very sorry for this war, which the world could have avoided. This is the news that I bring with a gun on my hand and explosives on my back.† Powell spearheaded many military strategies and by October 1944, there was huge progress. He helped in designing the D-Day operations and strategi es, much to the success of the Allied. After the end of the war, Powell returned to work in Europe under the Marshall Plan. He records in his diary the following. â€Å"The Marshall Plan is a big boost in the recovery of Western Europe and Japan in the post-war period. I can see a future beyond the rubble, hunger and starvation. Even so, I fail to understand why the Russians with whom we had just fought on the same side could be taking advantage of the situation. I foresee a quite friction between the ambitious Soviet and the USA. I believe it is now time for reconstruction, not for claiming plunders of the war. Otherwise, I may consider that I fought on the wrong side of the war.† Amongst other entries, Powell observes that the onset of the Cold War started with Russia’s taking advantage of the small nations. He also notes that in the aftermath of the war, many states in Eastern Europe were still weak. Rather than being left to their own determination, Russia was forc ing them one after another into communism. It is then that the US acted under the Truman’s Doctrine (McDonough 1). Under the Truman’s Doctrine, it became the official policy of the US to support any free people resisting attempted subjugation by an armed foreign force. To counter the emerging tyranny of Russian, Powell received orders to watch keenly the developments in Eastern Europe and advise accordingly. This was the early years of the Cold War in the aftermath of WWII. Powell was also not an apologist for the Hiroshima and Nagasaki situation on the account that it was a consequence of war. He based his reasoning purely on war strategy. From his 1945 diaries, he has offered sufficient reason why the use of the atomic bomb was unavoidable (Doyle 1). As noted in his diary, he enters the following: â€Å"The world seems to forget so fast. Just the other day were dealing with Hitler and Mussolini. That is over, and the next rogue is Russia. The United States is practi cally fighting proxy wars to help those whose right to free determination is under threat by the USSR. It is foolhardy to start playing blame games at this moment on whether the atomic bomb solution is justified.† Powell indicates that when the United States resolved to use atomic bombs on Japan, it was because that was the only solution left. Germany and other axis powers had been subdued and surrendered. The war had dragged for too long, but Japan was not

Write about the picture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Write about the picture - Essay Example The subject is the most important element of the painting along with other objects and attributes that allow him to be identified as a member of a Native American tribe. These include the feathered war bonnet, feather fan, clothing, and facial features of the subject, all of which help in understanding the background of the subject. The subject can be noticed to be looking away from the focus and towards his left while holding the feather fan in his left hand. The feather fan is a common object that can be seen being held by different Native Americans in various images. The feathered fan, sometimes also referred to as a smudge fan, was used in the smudging ceremony to fan the smoke resulting from burning herbs and other plants. The fan shown in the painting has long brown feathers of possibly a large bird indicating its connection with a traditional Indian ceremony or ritual. The artist has not added much contrast to the feathered fan which makes it almost indistinguishable from the lock of the subject’s hair behind. An individual can easily figure out that artist has tried to capture Native American life in its most unadulterated form. The feathered war bonnet is a prominent feature of the painting which is the most vibrant part of the painting. The war bonnet is animatedly colored as compared to other parts of the painting that are relatively pale. The artist has used shades of red, green, blue, yellow, orange, and others to paint the war bonnet. The background seems to be blue tinted while the subject’s shirt looks dull. The artist has used flat colors to paint the strings running down from the war bonnet. Even with the variance in contrast in the different parts of the image, the artist has successfully created a balance that draws an individual to visualize the Native American culture. The painting has captured the Native American way of life in the several elements that comprise the image including the subject

W6 D Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

W6 D - Assignment Example (â€Å"UN, United Nations†, n.d.) The UDHR also, incidentally, is a part of the International Bill of Human Rights, which encompasses several other instruments that work simultaneously in upholding the fundamental rights of individuals regardless of their legal status. Within the ambit of a globalising world, there have been several instances when nation-states, whether collectively or individually, whether by agreement or otherwise, have stepped in to resolve issues of rampant human rights abuses in tyrannical dictatorships and in instances of racial genocides. Recent examples include the NATO intervening in Libya in 2011to stop its long-time dictator Muammar Gaddafi from committing such atrocities; the stepping in of the United Nations’ Peace Keeping Forces in Congo, Kosovo, Liberia and Sudan. These are just a few examples when the concept of â€Å"humanitarian intervention† as enshrined in the UN Charter as an exception to general non-intervention gained publi c light and scrutiny. What this means is that, as a general rule, nation-states are prohibited from interfering in the domestic affairs of other states, except when such an intervention is on humanitarian grounds and is justified by its objective of putting a stop to instances of rampant human rights violations occurring in the state. The evolution of this widely agreed, albeit contentious, law can be said to have been triggered by the Nazi pogroms against the Jews. The collective conscience of the world was shocked as the realization dawned on them that while an attempt was made at exterminating a whole race of people, other people of the world chose to look the other way. That should not be allowed to pass ever again. After it has been established with reasonable agreement amongst jurists that an individual is a subject of international law, as opposed to the object of it, the hierarchical position of importance given to its subjects faced a dynamic change. At this juncture, uphol ding the rights of individual attention received a great fillip at the international level, even at the expense of the rights of a nation-state. This can be said to be a gift of the French and American Revolutions and general enlightenment in the body of laws as to the status of individuals. While, on the one hand, slavery, discrimination and other forms of subjugating people were outlawed, states began to be tasked with a greater burden of international accountability with respect to any violations thereof (â€Å"UN Criticized for Using Private Security Firms†, n.d.). Whether or not an intervention is legitimate and in the interest of upholding international justice remains a question with tenuous answers. There is a wide array of justifications provided by intervening states and even more so by states that have been accused of carrying on these violations. There are different questions: whether such an intervention has been sanctioned by the Security Council or the General Assembly of the UN, whether such an intervention was indeed necessitated by the scale of such violations, whether a proportionate amount of force was used, and whether there exist any ulterior motives or vested interests lying at the

Negotiation Strategy Analysis Essay Example for Free

Negotiation Strategy Analysis Essay Negotiations are handled differently by everyone. Some Negotiators are more passive and others extremely direct. Some love the bargaining process and begin the offer extremely low or high for the purpose of playing the negotiating game with their opponent. Others just prefer to have their best cards on the table with a take it or leave it attitude. Negotiators should learn when and how to use different negotiating styles. After all, negotiations play a huge role in business today. Two main negotiating strategies exist; non engagement and Active engagement. Both strategies will be discussed thoroughly to assist in identifying how different strategies may be used in business. â€Å"The California State University faculty has overwhelmingly approved a new four-year labor contract, ending more than two years of contentious bargaining with the administration† (Hoag C., 2012). The contract did not meet all that was hoped for; however, for the most part the amount taken from faculty was greatly diminished. Although, no pay raises will be granted for four years, finally settling on an agreement seems to put most of the faculty at ease. The contract was approved by approximately 91% of members. Faculty recognizes that public employee unions have it far worst and are grateful that they have managed to preserve much of what they have. Although these negotiations started as long and contentious bargaining, in the end the strategy used shifted to more of a non-engagement strategy. As the faculty realized the offer being given was much better than most are offered within their field they avoided further negotiations. They have been working without a contract for the last 2 1/2 years, which plays a role as well on the avoidance of further negotiations. According to (Lewicki, Barry, and Saunders, 2006), Alternatives can influence the usage of this strategy in different ways. If the negotiators has a strong alternative they will likely avoid negotiations due to the inefficiency of wasting time n egotiating with someone when a stronger alternative is present. From another perspective, if the negotiator has a lack of alternatives or a weaker alternative they will likely avoid dispute so that a resolution can be reached quickly. In this case, the faculty decided to avoid further dispute due to the weaker alternative. Seeing others having to give up much more and recognizing that the longer the negotiations last the longer they will be working without a contract influenced their decision tremendously. Another piece of news that demonstrates an alternate form of negotiating strategy is the issue surrounding the FDA’s law concerning graphic images being placed on cigarette packs. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 45 million adults in the United States smoke cigarettes, which are the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. And the World Health Organization predicts smoking could kill eight million people each year by 2030 if governments do not do more to help people quit (REUTERS, 2012). To assist in combating this increasing problem the FDA passed a law requiring that all tobacco companies place a graphic image along with their warning labels. The images range from diseased lungs to rotting teeth. Tobacco groups appealed this decision saying there is no evidence that the graphic images will assist in bringing the number of tobacco users down. â€Å"In a 2-to-1 decision, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia said that the law, which is administered by the Food and Drug Administration, violated corporate free speech rights† ( REUTER, 2012). This ruling was contradictory to another case seen early in the year making it likely that the Supreme Court will have to make the final decision. In this case, the negotiators are using an active engagement strategy. Rather than obeying the law without question tobacco groups are fighting for their corporate rights. This case is a classic example of distributive and competition bargaining. The outcome will either be that the tobacco groups will lose and will have to abide by the law; or the FDA will win. In this situation one side will get all. The cases mentioned differ as far as the strategy used. For the University of California faculty, the style more accurately reflects integrative style of negotiating. Each side is winning in some respect. They are aware of each other’s ultimate goals and are able to accommodate each other. In the end, the faculty avoid further dispute which is consistent with a non-engagement strategy. On the other hand, in the case concerning the da and tobacco company neither party wants to give in to each other. The FDA is determined to combat the issues resulting from tobacco products; while the tobacco companies are determined to maintain their labels as is. Circumstances surrounding every negotiation will determine which strategy is best to use. However, to become fully competent in making the decision on which strategy to use, one must understand how each strategy applies in real world situations. The two cases mentioned are excellent demonstrations on their usage. References Hoag, C. (2012, September 5). Cal State faculty approve 4-year contract. The Times-Standard. Retrieved from http://www.times-standard.com/localnews/ci_21470909/cal-state-faculty-approve-4-year-contract Lewicki, Barry, and Saunders, (2006). Negotiation 5th ed. Retrieved from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/DownloadList.aspx?assetMetaId=9ef17708-1ddf-4b07-b135-33c10b621f8eassetDataId=a78264a6-2449-41a9-9752-49dfe94ee641 REUTERS, (2012, August 24). Appeals Court Blocks Graphic Warnings on Cigarettes. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/25/business/tobacco-groups-win-ruling-on-graphic-cigarette-warnings.html

Apparel Brand Research Project Prada

Apparel Brand Research Project Prada BRAND OVERVIEW Prada was founded in 1913 by Mario Prada, Miuccia Pradas grandfather, in Milan.   Ã‚   Located in the prestigious Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, Prada was an exclusive, stylish store selling luggage, accessories and luxury goods, in fine materials and of sophisticated workmanship. The Milan store quickly became a firm favourite with the Italian aristocracy and the most sophisticated members of the European elite. In 1919 Prada received the warrant of Official Supplier of the Italian Royal Household, and since then has been able to display the royal Savoy coat of arms and figure-of-eight knots alongside the company logo. Miuccia Prada and Patrizio Bertelli started working together in the late 70s, laying the foundations of the international expansion that was to come. Patrizio Bertelli broke new ground in the luxury goods sector, introducing a new business model in which he kept direct, internal control over all processes, applying uncompromised quality criteria across the entire production cycle. Miuccia Pradas creative talent and avant-garde approach attracted the attention of the global fashion industry, while her ability to look at the world from an unconventional vantage point allowed her not only to anticipate, but quite often, to set new trends. The classic Prada suitcase was made of heavy walrus skin but as plane travel made heavy suitcases impractical, the company started to make lighter bags and high quality items made of crystals, tortoise shell and wood. They also sold garments of waterproof fabrics to the U.S. However the company had gone into decline in the 1970s. 1950 Miuccia Prada was born. By her mid-20s she had a doctorate in political science and in her 30s, she was a communist. In 1970 she started making backpack bags out of waterproof fabric called Pocone. 1979 She took over the Prada family business. Since sales were down, she expanded into luxury tote bags and backpacks in black with flat classic lines, made from nylon. 1985 She launched a line of footwear for women and her first pret-a-porter clothing line, using high quality fabrics. Her clean lines gave her fame, and she came to be known for under-stated elegant garments. 1993 She received an International award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America. 1995 She won Designer of the Year award. 1998 Prada opened their first menswear shop in Los Angeles, USA. They also opened new Prada stores in Manhattan and Las Vegas, as well as Miu Mius first North American boutique, in Los Angeles. Prada is now a worldwide empire, with stores in practically every country in the western world. It is a million-dollar concern, with every celebrity wearing Prada clothes. 2. NATURE OF BRAND AND ITS TARGET MARKET The Prada brand targets an international customer base that is modern, sophisticated, attuned to stylistic innovations, and expects craftsmanship of the highest quality.       The brands iconic trademarks, which are readily recognized around the world, incorporate the Savoy coat of arms and Savoy figure-of-eight knot, reflecting its heritage as an official supplier to the former Royal family of Italy. Introduced in the 1980s, Pradas famous black nylon bag with the signature triangle logo has been an enduring classic, with both the nylon bag and the logo becoming icons in the brands history. The Prada brand represents the best of Italian culture and tradition, sophisticated style and uncompromising quality, and as one of the most innovative fashion brands are capable of re-defining the norm and setting new trends. Prada also captured the attention of literary and cinematic audiences when the novel The Devil Wears Prada was first published in 2003, and then was made into a movie in 2006. The Prada brands distinctive originality is built on its unique approach to style, craftsmanship and constant innovation in materials and designs, as we unceasingly exert creativity in the development of fashionable designs, sophisticated fabrics and innovative production techniques. At the heart of the evolution of fashion, we believe Prada has been a sophisticated interpreter of its times and a forerunner of style and trends. Prada is a premium brand. It is very high quality which unfortunatly comes with a substantially high price tag. 2.1. PRADA GEOGRAPHICAL SEGMENTATION Under geographical segmentation, product or service is divided accordingly to geographic units, such as nations, states, regions, countries, cities or neighbourhoods. Directly operated stores, including the epicentres, are designed, constructed and managed in accordance with precise guidelines: location chosen are among the most prestigious. 2.2. PRADA PSYCHOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION Psychographic segmentation divides the market into groups based on social class, lifestyle and personality characteristics. The PRADA brand targets an international customer base that is modern, sophisticated, attuned to stylist innovations, and expects craftsmanship of the highest quality. 3. RETAIL DISTRIBITION CHANNELS Prada, Miu Miu, Churchs and Car Shoe products are sold through two distribution channels: The retail channel, represented by the single-brand stores (including the three Epicentres) directly operated by the company, which currently account for approximately 78% of sales; the independent channel of multi-brand stores, department stores and franchises (so called wholesale). This distribution solution enables the Group to have a presence in the most exclusive points-of-sale which are either single-brand or multi-brand worldwide. The Groups commercial strategy is based on a selective analysis of the potential of individual markets, an innovative approach and rigorous control of display and presentation criteria, and a continuous search for original sales concepts. Prada has always pioneered new solutions combining design, architecture, and technology to create environments that not only encourage sales but also communicate its unique strong brand identity and the cultural influences and values of the Prada world in a consistent and homogeneous way. Towards the end of the nineties, Prada decided to redefine the concept of shopping and enlisted the help of pioneering architects of international renown, Rem Koolhaas and Herzog de Meuron, recent winners of the prestigious Pritzker Prize. The result of this partnership was the creation of the Prada Epicenters: areas and buildings which have rapidly acquired landmark status both locally and internationally. Pradas Epicentres have not only transformed the concept of shopping but have also fused it with cutting edge technology and a multitude of cultural stimuli, offering customers a whole range of unique experiences and exclusive services. There are currently three Prada Epicentres: one in SoHo, New York (designed by Rem Koolhaas in 2001); another in Aoyama, Tokyo (Herzog de Meuron, 2003); and the third in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles (also by Rem Koolhaas, 2004). Directly operated stores, including the three Epicentres, are designed, constructed and managed in accordance with precise guidelines: location chosen are among the most prestigious and the personnel is selected and trained to provide customers with an exclusive treatment. This type of store contributes to maintaining a very close relationship with customers, providing immediate information about the market trend. Moreover, direct-sale stores also provide very valuable support for the brand, acting as true ambassadors communicating the Prada image consistently and uniformly all over the world. Prada manages the independent shops and department stores channel based on selective distribution and a well-defined strategy of control aimed at maintaining outstanding quality and high volumes, ensuring consistency in merchandising and monitoring sales performance. Franchise shops are located in specific markets where this form of retail is imposed by local legislation or custom, and entail partnerships with local entrepreneurs with an excellent knowledge of the relevant market. The wholesale channel, besides ensuring the brand benefits by a series of shop windows in particularly significant positions in key markets, enables a direct and immediate comparison to be made with the competitor brands. Therefore, the sales trend through the independent channel represents a very useful indicator of the consumer trends and brand strength. 3.1. PRADAS FALL CAMPAIGN IS ALL ABOUT MODERN FEMININITY AND NEW FACES The way fashion houses describe their collections and ad campaigns can often sound like pure nonsense. But the person responsible for announcing Pradas fall 2015 campaign did a pretty good job of summing it up as an elegant, ironic ode to meta-modern femininity. Like the collection itself, the campaign shot by Steven Meisel is very pretty, but odd. Theres a sense of isolation in the arrangement of the models, who do not look at or touch each other but stare at an unspecified object off-camera. Theres also a feeling of youth and newness provided by a cast of fairly new faces, including Avery Blanchard, Estella Boersma, Inga Dezhina, Lineisy Montero, Ine Neefs, Greta Varlese and Maartje Verhoef, all of whom have walked the runway for Prada and/or Miu Miu this past seasons. Prada has a knack for casting promising models fairly earlier in their careers, so while some of them already have a campaign or two under their belts, expect to see these girls even more in the coming seasons. Montero, whom everyone started talking about when she walked in the brands fall 2015 show, has already landed a Teen Vogue cover. 4. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS Website as a whole and all material on this Website, as well the Prada trademark, are owned and registered by Prada S.A., a company with registered office at 23 rue Aldigren, L-1118 Luxembourg. Prada website is operated by Prada S.p.A., an Italian corporation having its principal place of business at Via Antonio Fogazzaro 28, 20135 Milan, Italy, operating holding company of the Prada Group. Prada S.A. and Prada S.p.A. are collectively referred to as PRADA; Prada S.p.A. and its subsidiaries will be collectively referred to as Prada Group hereinafter. All trademarks and logos, whether registered or not, displayed on the Website, including but not limited to the Prada trademark, as well as all the other distinctive marks connected with PRADA and reproduced on the Website, are and will remain the exclusive property of Prada S.A.. These trademarks may not be used in connection with any product or service that does not originate with PRADA, in any manner that is likely to cause confusion among users, or in any manner that disparages or discredits the Prada name and trademark and the products bearing the Prada trademark. Prada website and all the content included therein, including, but not limited to, all texts, information, data, images, icons, photographs, illustrations, multimedia content (graphic, audio and video), charts, indices, descriptions, data, software, HTML codes and screens contained therein and the like (hereinafter collectively Content), is owned by or licensed to PRADA and is subject to protection by international int ellectual property laws, including, but not limited to, rights in the nature of patent rights, copyrights, trade secrets, trade names, trademarks, service marks, moral rights, know-how and any other similar rights recognized under laws or international conventions in any country or jurisdiction in the world. All materials contained in this Website, except for the e-store section, are displayed for informational or promotional purpose only. Subject to these Terms and Conditions of Use, and except as otherwise indicated on the Website, you may access, download, copy, store, manipulate, reformat, print or display any Content to which you have obtained authorized access solely for your personal use and not for business purposes. You may not otherwise download, copy, store, manipulate, reformat, print, display, publish, transmit, distribute, create a derivative work from, resell or make any other use of, the Website, or any Content contained therein. No right, title and/or interest deriving from or pertaining to the Content, material or software of the Website may be deemed assigned to or acquired by you as a result of your use of the Website. You agree to accept and abide by all copyright or trademark notices and other notices contained on the Website and in the Content. All rights are reserved in all countries worldwide. People aware that the Prada products are sold exclusively at Prada monobrand stores, at prestigious multi-brand stores and points of sale belonging to Prada S.p.A.s selective retail network, outlets belonging to the Prada Group and in the e-store section of the Website which is only available in certain countries, as better specified on the Website. Any purchase outside of these points of sale is entirely at the purchasers risk, in particular with regard to the authenticity of any such purchased items. http://www.prada.com/content/dam/external/terms-conditions/EU-EN.pdf 5.OWNERSHIP UPON BRAND Miuccia Prada is the co-CEO and lead designer of the handbag and fashion empire Prada, in which she has a 28% stake. In 1977 Miuccia and her siblings Albert and Marina inherited the family fashion business, founded in 1913 by their grandfather. Miuccia met Patrizio Bertelli, who ran a luxury leather company, at a Milan trade show in 1977 and signed him on as a contractor. A year later, they were married and Bertelli joined the company, taking care of the business side of things while pushing Prada into new directions. He serves as co-CEO with Miuccia, and his stake in the company also makes him a billionaire. In 1986 Prada opened its first store in New York and expanded beyond high-end suitcases, handbags, and steamer trunks. A few years later, the company unveiled a ready-to-wear womens collection and a second brand, Miu Miu. Miuccia, who has a Ph.D in political science from the University of Milan, took the company public with Bertelli in Hong Kong in 2011. 5.1. BOARD OF DIRECTORS Our Board consists on nine Directors, of whom four are executive Directors, two are non-executive Directors and three are independent non-executive Directors. The ordinary shareholders meeting of 26 May 2015 resolved to appoint the Board of Directors for a term of three financial years. The boards mandate will therefore expire with the shareholders meeting to be convened for the approval of the financial statements for the year ending 31 January 2018. The below shows the current members of the Boards of Directors: Mazzi, Carlo: -chairperson and executive director Prada Bianchi, Miuccia: -chief executive officer and executive director Bertelli, Patrizio: chief executive officer and executive director Cozzani, Alessandra: -chief financial officer and executive director Cereda, Maurizio: -non-executive director Simontacchi, Stefano: -non-executive director Mattei, Gian Franco Oliviero: -independent non-executive director Forestieri, Giancarlo: independent non-executive director Liu, Sing Cheong: -independent non-executive director 5.2. SHAREHOLDERS STRUCTURE As of 31 January 2015, the shareholder structure of Prada S.p.A. is composed as follows 6. LICENCES AND JOINT VENTURES Eyewear In 2000 the PRADA Group developed its first Prada and Miu Miu branded sunglasses, and in 2003 it signed a licence agreement with Luxottica Group, a world leader in eyewear. Under the creative supervision of Miuccia Prada and Patrizio Bertelli, Prada coordinates the conception, design, styling and communications for all collections, while Luxottica has exclusive worldwide rights to the production and distribution of Prada and Miu Miu sunglasses and eyeglasses. Not only is this an important business agreement, but it is also an excellent example of comprehensive cooperation in creativity, style, production and distribution between two of Italys foremost industrial groups. Fragrances In 2003, an agreement was entered into with Puig Beauty Fashion Group, one of the worlds largest producers of cosmetics and fragrances, creating a joint venture for the production, distribution and development of Prada perfumes. Here, too, Prada is actively involved in the various phases of product, creation and development as well as communications, while responsibility for production and worldwide distribution is in the experienced and highly qualified hands of Puig.In 2004, after lengthy and thorough research by Miuccia Prada in cooperation with some of the most qualified noses in the world, Amber the first Prada perfume for women was created. Greeted with unanimous critical and public acclaim, Prada Amber perfume has enjoyed encouraging commercial success in all markets where it has been presented. In 2006 Prada unveiled its first mens fragrance, Prada Amber Pour Homme, marking the birth of the first Made in Prada perfumes family under the amber scent. A new perfume for women, Infusion dIris, was launched in 2007, which was the key to developing a series of complementary, innovative and personal products for bodycare and for the home. From this new pillar a collection of limited edition fragrances was derived: the Ephemeral Infusion Collection that includes Infusion de Fleur dOranger, Infusion de Tubà ©reuse and Infusion de Và ©tiver. In 2011, Prada Candy, the third pillar of the Prada fragrances, is launched. A new perfume for women that highlights the funny aspect of the brand also in the beauty sector. Mobile telephones In 2006, the PRADA Group entered into an agreement with LG Electronics, one of the world leaders in mobile telecommunications technology, to develop an innovative and iconic mobile telephone. By leveraging their respective skills, Prada and LG explored all of the products aspects together, both in terms of the contents (for example: software, user interface and music), and in terms of the presentation (from the design to the packaging): the partnership created the Prada Phone by LG, a unique, sophisticated and elegant telephone, the first in the world to have an interface that is completely touch screen. The Prada Phone by LG was launched in March 2007 in Italy, Great Britain, France and Germany, and subsequently on the principal Asian markets and in Latin America. The products high qualitative and innovative content enables a significant commercial success to be achieved, with more than 1,000,000 mobile telephones sold. In October 2008 Prada and LG launch the second phone, another quantum leap in mobile phone innovation and design, thanks to ultra-thin keyboard and new enhanced technological features. In December 2011, Prada and LG unveiled the partnerships latest smartphone, the Prada phone by LG 3.0 that combines Pradas distinctive style with LGs innovative technology, including one of the biggest and brightest screens in the world with 4.3inch and 800-nit screen. 7. PRODUCT LOGISTICS Product distribution is handled through five central warehouses, four in Italy and one in UK. It is managed by a group division which coordinates product storage, shipping and distribution, as well as arranging transport and customs procedures. Central to the Prada Groups distribution strategy is the development of its retail channel in all markets, both consolidated and emerging, focusing in particular on nations with high growth potential. The Groups distribution network extends across 70 countries, counting 551 directly-operated stores (at 30 April 2014), which form the backbone of the Groups international expansion strategy, and a selection of department stores and multi-brand retail spaces in the most significant cities and stylish locations. The reasons for this strategy are many: not only the DOS are the supreme showcase for newly-launched collections, but they also offer a direct relationship with customers and provide real-time feedback on how each product category is performing. Over and above their primary role as a sales point, DOS also represent an important communication tool: real embassies of each brand, they portray their image in a clear and consistent manner. Direct sales account for about 83% of consolidated revenues while the remaining 17% is generated by the wholesale channel (multi-brand retail spaces and department stores 16%), from franchising (about 1%). 8. NET SALES OF PRADA 8.1. NET SALES ANALYSIS (amounts in thousands of Canadians) ended January 31, 2016 ended January 31, 2015 % change Net sales of directly operated stores (DOS) 4,344,819 86.30% 4,232,865 83.90% 2.60% Net Sales to independent customers and franchisees 631,349 12.50% 756,214 15.00% -16.50% Royalties 61,666 1.20% 54,329 1.10% 13.50% Net revenues, total 5,037,835 100.00% 5,043,408 100.00% -0.10% 8.2. NET SALES OF DIRECTLY OPERATED STORES (DOS) ended January 31, 2016 ended January 31, 2015 % change Net sales of DOS by geographical area Italy 12.80% 11.90% 10.70% Europe 21.80% 21.60% 3.30% Americas 13.40% 13.10% 5.00% Asia Pacific 35.30% 37.90% -4.40% Japan 13.20% 12.20% 10.70% Middle East 3.40% 3.10% 11.50% Other countries 0.10% 0.10% 41.40% Total 100.00% 100.00% 2.60% 8.3. PRADA GROUP FIGURES www.prada.com/ company profile FEBRUARY 2016 9. CAPITAL OR MARKET VALUE 9.1. INCOME STATEMENT Year on year Prada SpAs net income fell -26.59% from 634.04 million to 465.46 million despite relatively flat revenues. A contributing factor has been an increase in the selling, general and administrative costs as a percentage of sales from 48.33% to 54.41%. Gross margin 72.12% Net profit margin 8.76% Operating margin 12.92% Revenue Net Income Return on assets 6.05% Return on equity 9.71% Return on investment 7.59% 9.2. BALANCE SHEET Year on year, growth in dividends per share remained flat while earnings per share excluding extraordinary items fell by -26.59%. Additionally, five year annualized earnings per share growth is in-line with the industry average relative to its peers. Current ratio2 2.24 Quick ratio 1.48 Total debt/total equity 0.3183 Total debt/total capital 0.2402 9.3. GROWTH RATES Year on year, growth in dividends per share remained flat while earnings per share excluding extraordinary items fell by -26.59%. Additionally, five year annualized earnings per share growth is in-line with the industry average relative to its peers. Dividends Per Share Div yield (5 year avg) 0.24% Div growth rate (5 year) Payout ratio (TTM) 99.03% Earnings Per Share EPS growth (5 years)