Specific Gravity - Definition of Specific Gravity

Specific Gravity - Definition of Specific Gravity The specific gravity of a substance is the ratio of its density to a specified reference substance. This ratio is a pure number, containing no units. If the specific gravity ratio for a given substance is less than 1, that means the material will float in the reference substance. When the specific gravity ratio for a given material is greater than 1, that means the material will sink in the reference substance. This is related to the concept of buoyancy. The iceberg floats in the ocean (as in the picture) because its specific gravity in reference to the water is less than 1. This rising vs. sinking phenomenon is the reason that the term specific gravity is applied, although gravity itself plays no significant role in this process. Even in a substantially different gravitational field, the density relationships would be unchanged. For this reason, it would be far better to apply the term relative density between two substances, but for historical reasons, the term specific gravity has stuck around. Specific Gravity for Fluids For fluids, the reference substance is usually the water, with a density of  1.00 x 103 kg/m3  at 4 degrees Celsius (waters densest temperature), used to determine whether or not the fluid will sink or float in water. In homework, this is usually assumed to be the reference substance when working with liquids. Specific Gravity for Gases For gases, the reference substance is usually normal air at room temperature, which has a density of approximately 1.20 kg/m3. In homework, if the reference substance is not specified for a specific gravity problem, it is usually safe to assume that you are using this as your reference substance. Equations for Specific Gravity The specific gravity (SG) is a ratio of the density of the substance of interest (Ï i) to the density of the reference substance (Ï r). (Note: The Greek symbol rho, Ï , is commonly used to represent density.) That can be determined using the following formula: SG Ï i à · Ï r Ï i / Ï r Now, considering that the density is calculated from mass and volume through the equation Ï  m/V, this means that if you took two substances of the same volume, the SG could be rewritten as a ratio of their individual masses: SG Ï i / Ï rSG mi/V / mr/VSG mi / mr And, since the weight W mg, that leads to a formula written as a ratio of weights: SG mi / mrSG mig / mrgSG Wi / Wr It is important to remember that this equation only works with our earlier assumption that the volume of the two substances is equal, so when we talk about the weights of the two substances in this last equation, it is the weight of equal volumes of the two substances. So if we wanted to find out the specific gravity of ethanol to water, and we know the weight of one gallon of water, then we would need to know the weight of one gallon of ethanol to complete the calculation. Or, alternately, if we knew the specific gravity of ethanol to water, and knew the weight of one gallon of water, we could use this last formula to find the weight of one gallon of ethanol. (And, knowing that, we could use it to find the weight of another volume of ethanol by converting. These are the sorts of tricks that you may well find among homework problems that incorporate these concepts.) Applications of Specific Gravity Specific gravity is a concept that shows up in a variety of industrial applications, particularly as it relates to fluid dynamics. For example, if youve ever taken your car in for service and the mechanic showed you how small plastic balls floated in your transmission fluid, youve seen specific gravity in action. Depending on the specific application in question, those industries may use the concept with a different reference substance than water or air. The earlier assumptions applied only to homework. When you are working on a real project, you should know for sure what your specific gravity is in reference to, and shouldnt have to make assumptions about it.

How to French Interrogative Pronouns Qui and Que

How to French Interrogative Pronouns Qui and Que French has three interrogative pronouns: qui  que, and lequel, which are used to ask questions. They all have differences in meaning and usage. Note that lequel  is a more complicated case and, as such, is addressed separately. Also, while qui and que are also  relative pronouns,  we are only discussing them here in their function as interrogative pronouns. How to Use Qui   Qui  means  who  or  whom; it is used when asking about people. When  who  is the  subject  of the question, you can use either  qui  or  qui est-ce qui. The word order cannot be inverted, and the verb is always third person singular. Qui veut le faire  ? / Qui est-ce qui veut le faire  ?   Who wants to do it?Qui parle  ? / Qui est-ce qui parle  ?   Who is speaking? When whom is the object of the question, qui can be followed by either est-ce que or inversion, as in: Qui est-ce que vous aimez  ? / Qui aimez-vous ?   Whom do you love?Qui est-ce que tu vois  ? / Qui vois-tu  ?   Whom do you see? Qui can also follow a preposition. qui est-ce que tu parles  ? / qui parles-tu  ?   To whom are you speaking?De qui est-ce que tu dà ©pends  ? / De qui dà ©pends-tu  ?   Upon whom do you depend? How to Use Que Que means what and is used to refer to ideas or things. When  what  is the subject of the question, you must use  quest-ce qui  followed by a verb in the third person singular, with no inversion. Quest-ce qui se passe  ?   Whats happening?Quest-ce qui est tombà © sur la terre  ?   What fell on the ground? When what is the object of the question, it can be followed by est-ce que or inversion. Quest-ce quil veut  ? / Que veut-il  ?   What does he want?Quest-ce que tu penses de mon idà ©e  ? / Que penses-tu de mon idà ©e  ?   What do you think of my idea?Quest-ce que cest (que cela)  ?   What is that? Que to Quoi After a preposition, que changes to quoi. De quoi est-ce que vous parlez  ? / De quoi parlez-vous ?   What are you talking about? quoi est-ce quil travaille  ? / quoi travaille-t-il  ?   Whats he working on? More Examples of the Interrogative  Qui and Que Qui donc ta frappà ©Ã‚  ?   Who hit you? Qui est-ce qui en veut  ?   Who wants some ? Qui cherchez-vous  ?   Who are you looking for? Cest qui  ?  Ã‚  Whose is it,  to whom does it belong? qui le tour  ?   Whose turn (is it) ? De qui parles-tu  ?   Who  (ou  whom) are you talking about? Qui est-ce que tu connais ici  ?   Who do you know around here? qui est-ce que je dois de largent  ?   Who do I owe money to ?,  to whom do I owe money?  (soutenu) Quy a-t-il  ?   Whats the matter ? Que devient-elle  ?   Whats become of her? Quest-ce que je vois / jentends  ? What is this I see / hear ? Quest-ce qui tarrive  ?   Whats the matter with you? Quest-ce que la libertà ©Ã‚  ?   What is freedom? Summary of French Interrogative Pronouns Subject of question Object of question After preposition People quiqui est-ce qui quiqui est-ce que qui Things quest-ce qui quequest-ce que quoi

Criminal law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal law - Essay Example Moreover, there are instances where the concept of crime within a particular country changes as society adapts to the tides of time. What used to be a crime yesterday is now legal today. A classic example for the changing concept of crime over a period of time is the case of defamation which had been decriminalized through the amendment to the Coroners and Justice Act in 2009 (OSCE). UK lawmakers have decided to relax the definition of crime insofar as defamation is concerned to make more room for the right to freedom of speech. This will remain true until the parliament decides to make further changes to the law on defamation. On the matter of relativity of crime in different jurisdictions, a good example would be possession of cannabis. There is no common consensus among the governments of the world as to the dangers and benefits of the plant and its derivatives. The countries that see more benefits have already legalized it, under certain conditions, while those who insist that ca nnabis does more harm than good continue to make its possession and use as a crime punishable with penalties ranging from light to life imprisonment and even death penalty. In the UK, possession and use of cannabis in any form is a crime but in Peru, it is perfectly legal.

Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Argument - Essay Example Therein exists a dilemma; it is apparent that all we do is determined and controlled by the mind; however, it would require defining features of the psychological condition that are not explicable on the basis of the human physical operations. Descartes argues that the connection between mind and body is a wholly arbitrary without regard to the laws of physics; for instance he demonstrates that a particle striking another will move in a direction that is determined by the angle of the first particle. In contrary, in the human body, there is no connection between the physical sensations and the ensuing mental reaction; he argues that hunger pangs; for instance, have no direct connection to the reaction they provoke (Desire to eat) and can just as well produce a desire to sleep or drink (Descartes 54). In modern day, cognitive scientists are more than ever before curious about the engenderment of the human perception and thought process; unlike in the past, information process in the abstract are no longer seen as conclusive accounts of the mind. Scientists are concerned with the interactions of the body and the environment and how the relationship contributes in shaping human perception and the mind. Thinkers who support this school of thought postulate that by such examination, the Cartesian rift between the body and mind may be bridged so the material and immaterial aspect of human existence can be seen a unified whole. (Robinson). One of the areas expected to provide answers is the examination of non-reflexive actions which are not indication of an individual’s mentality and whose arbitrary connection is to the motor features of the action in question such as pressing a button. In dualism the mind and body are contrasted; however over the years of study different parts of the mind have been the focus of attention; for instance before Descartes in the mediaeval period the intellect was seen as the least likely to be affected by a

Communitarianism vs. Cosmopolitanism Essay -- Politics Political

Normative Theories of Politics - Contrasting Cosmopolitan and Communitarian Approaches When looking at normative theories of politics, the main distinction is between cosmopolitanism and communitarianism. In this essay the term community shall refer to political communities, or more specifically, states. It is important to note that these political communities have been defined territorially, and not necessarily by culture, although this is taken for granted to an extent by communitarianism. Communitarians say that each community is different, and therefore should act accordingly with each other. In other words, state autonomy should be absolute and law and moral standards should be self-determined by the community itself alone. Furthermore, communities should have no obligations to other political communities or any sort of international law. Contrastingly, Cosmopolitans say that there should be an overriding universal moral standard to which all states (or communities) should adhere. If a state is infringing on the rights of the individual or humanity, then intervent ion is appropriate and just. (Steve Smith, The Globalisation of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations p. 173A) Communitarianism says that communities themselves define what rightful conduct is, and therefore should not be obliged to follow any universal moral code. Morality arises from the culture that makes up the community, and therefore determines what is right for that community, whether it is or not for anyone else. Communitarians say that there cannot be a universal moral standard because where would these standards come from? Who would decide what is right and wrong? However, the argument communitarianism can be turned against it if these communities are nation-states. It is only the predominant culture that will determine what the moral standards of the community are. Cosmopolitans argue that there should be a universal moral standard to which every community must abide. They allow for state autonomy, but only to an extent. States must not be able to be completely self-determined and free from moral obligations to the rest of the international community. But this raises significant qu estions. Can a universal moral standard exist? And how can it apply to all states? While cosmopolitanism allows for some state autonomy, the moral standard would mean that some ... ...t state autonomy cannot be restricted by anything but the community (state) itself. As one might assume, it follows from these differing standpoints that the way each theory view intervention, etc., will be in opposition. (Steve Smith, The Globalisation of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations p. 173A) (Chris Brown, The Globalisation of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations p. 480A) (Steve Smith, The Globalisation of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations p. 173A) Cosmopolitanism and communitarianism differ vastly in the way they, as intellectual concepts, deal with international relations. Cosmopolitanism holds the view that the rights of humanity and the individual should override those of the state (or political community), whereas communitarianism is the opposite. It states that the rights of the community are more important than those of the state. It is because of these fundamental differences that they deal with international relations in significantly different ways. However, both theories have their flaws and it seems that we can have neither a fully cosmopolitan or communitarian world political system.

Growth In Population Essay

Delhi has been experiencing phenomenal growth in population in the last few decades. So, the number of vehicles has been increased to 40 lakhs, these are more than that of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai put together. Today traffic on the roads of Delhi is a mix-up of cycles, scooters, buses, cars and rickshaws, resulting fuel wastage, environmental pollution and increasing number of rod accidents. To rectify the situation the government of India and the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, in equal partnership have set up a company on 03.05.1995 named Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC). This necessitates a policy shift to discourage private modes. So, introduction of a rail based (MRTS) Mass Rapid Transport System is called for. MRTS will result in time saving for commuters, reliable and safer journey, reduction in atmospheric pollution, reduction in accident rates, reduced fuel consumption, reduced vehicle operating costs and increase in the average speed of road vehicles. The proposed Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS) is going to be one of the most eco friendly projects in Delhi. With international consultants Ms. PCI (Japan) is associated with DMRC which is, building MRTS aims at using the latest technical knowhow available in Metro systems worldwide. The general consultants consisting of (PCI-PBI-TON1 CHI-JARTS-RITES) is overseeing the construction management. The total .and requirement of the land for the construction is about 458,256 hectares. DMRC has two types of corridors, underground, partly elevated and partly on the ground, having a total length of 52.60 kms. Out of which 11 kms. is underground from Delhi University to Central Secretariat There are 41 stations on the entire corridors. There are three different routes of MRTS, Vishwavidyalaya-Central Secretariat, Shahdra – Barwala and Tri Nagar- Nagloi. There are certain other routes under consideration with the DMRC. The train will run on broad gauge. Number of passenger; using the service per day is estimated to be 19.5 lakhs. The train will run at a speed 30 kms per hour. The coaches will be 3.2 M wide. The maintenance depots for underground corridor are at Khyber Pass and Nagloi, for surface and elevated corridors at Trinagar and Barwala. The Chairman and Managing Director of the project are Sh. K. Kosal Ran and Sh. E. Sreedharan respectively. All the three corridors are scheduled to complete by March, 2005. The first phase of the project from Shahdra to Tis Hazari has already been inaugurated by Prime Minister of India, Sh. Atal Bihari Vajpayee The contract for the Metro Section between Central Secretarial to ISB’ has been awarded to consortium of five companies led by Ms Dyckrhoi & Widmann AG, Germany while section between Delhi University to ISBT has gone to a consortium led by Ms Kumagi (Japan). All contractors have Indian partners. At the underground corridor Metro Stations will be located 12.8 meters below ground level, except Chawri Bazar station which will be located at 20 meters below ground level. All the stations at every corridor will be air conditioned; interchanging of commuters between Metro Corridor and rail Corridor will be at ISBT station. The completion cost of the Delhi Metro Project is Rs. 8155/- crores.

Same Sex Parenting and Adoption Essay - 1902 Words

Adoption for same sex couples is a very controversial topic in Family Law, and often same sex couples face many unique issues if they wish to adopt. Many states have different laws that apply for gay and lesbian adoption, as opposed to heterosexual couples. Several states also have special rules that apply when a child is born into a gay or lesbian partnership. Gay and lesbian couples may sometimes opt to bring a child into their lives through conception and birth as well. For a lesbian couple, this is usually done through a male donor or a sperm bank and having one of the couple become pregnant. Similarly, gay men may use a surrogate mother and then become a legal parent through adoption. The other parent then can become a legal second†¦show more content†¦In fact, code of VA 63.2-1201 says that â€Å"any natural person who resides in the Commonwealth† may file a petition for adoption. Also, VA code 63.2-1225 states that â€Å"In determining the appropriate home in which to place a child for adoption, a married couple or an unmarried individual shall be eligible to receive placement of a child for purposes of adoption.† The Commonwealth of Virginia takes into consideration the birth parents of the child and holds the position that adoptive parents must meet the requirements for the â€Å"best interests of the child†. Specifically, in code section  § 63.2-1205 the following requirements are stated: In determining whether the valid consent of any person whose consent is required is withheld contrary to the best interests of the child, or is unobtainable, the circuit court or juvenile and domestic relations district court, as the case may be, shall consider all relevant factors, including the birth parent(s) efforts to obtain or maintain legal and physical custody of the child; whether the birth parent(s) are currently willing and able to assume full custody of the child; whether the birth parent(s) efforts to assert parental rights were thwarted by other people; the birth parent(s) ability to care for the child; the age of the child; the quality of any previous relationship between the birth parent(s) and the child and between the birth parent(s) and any other minor children; the duration and suitability of the childs presentShow MoreRelatedGay Adoption And The United States1412 Words   |  6 Pagesit.What kind of impact do gay couples have on adoption agencies in the United S tates? â€Å"An estimated 65,500 adopted children are living with a lesbian or gay† parent (Lifelong Adoptions)​.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¹There are 1 million lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender parents raising about 2 million children in the U.S† (Why Gay Parents Are Good Parents). ​Even though people believe gay adoption will cause children to act different Gay adoption positively affects adoption agencies because most kids end up with gay couplesRead MorePersuasive Essay About Gay Adoption1639 Words   |  7 PagesWhat do these words have in common? 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To have a better understanding on why same sex parenting should be commonly accepted, one must acknowledge the opposing viewpoints. Some people