How to Choose Columbia University Essay Samples

How to Choose Columbia University Essay SamplesIf you are in the process of writing an essay and need to know which Columbia University essay samples to use, you may be confused about which ones will work for you. You do not want to be bombarded with words like 'contingency,' 'factual,' and 'materials.' You do not even want to be confronted with word choices such as 'fancy,' 'momentous,' or 'colossal.' In this article, you will learn some of the most useful and popular Columbia University essay samples available online.First of all, let us review what a Columbia University essay sample is. An essay sample is the basis on which an essay writer attempts to make sense of a complex issue in the written form. When it comes to Columbia University essay samples, the first thing you should look for is an essay that is clear and concise. This includes using the correct type of vocabulary to express your thoughts.Once you have learned how to utilize the proper vocabulary when writing your essa y, the next step to consider when choosing Columbia University essay samples is to remember that using your knowledge of your topic to make sense of it will help the reader understand you better. For example, if you are writing an essay about taxes, you may want to consider using facts that pertain to tax collection. Using examples of common questions and problems that people ask about taxes can also prove to be very helpful in helping you to make sense of it. You will be amazed at how effective this type of essay can be when it comes to making a good impression in your essay.One of the best types of essay samples to use for a psychology essay will be a reference essay. Reference essays are important because they help the reader understand the role of the observer in the experience of an event. Sometimes this will come up in the context of your essay as a solution to the observation problem. It is also beneficial to the reader that you are able to write about your opinion or perspec tive about a problem, event, or issue in the essay.Another type of essay sample that is commonly used in psychological essays is the essay that focuses on psychological elements of the essay. There are many types of psychological issues that writers can cover, including a relationship, a career, or a family. You will want to choose a psychological essay sample that shows how you express your ideas with psychological elements. Psychological essays can be written about subjects that have emotional dimensions such as politics, religion, or social concerns.While no essay is written from the standpoint of a writer, choosing Columbia University essay samples that show how the writer expresses his or her opinions about a situation is very important. This can include topics such as issues about ethics or morals. Ethical essays often center on controversial topics such as abortion, sex education, and divorce. This type of essay can be very educational for those who are trying to understand w hat ethics actually mean.Finally, it is a good idea to choose an essay sample that focuses on grammar and punctuation. The best way to understand how to write a great essay is to practice by writing some of your own essays. This will help you to get an overview of the grammar and punctuation rules that are involved in writing an essay. As a student of English, you will want to ensure that you choose a good Columbia University essay samples in order to make sure that your work is excellent.The basic rules of grammar and punctuation that apply to any other writing should also apply to writing an essay. You will want to consider these rules so that your essay will read clearly. You will also want to make sure that your essay has enough information and substance to make an impact on the reader.

College Should Offer Free Tuition - 867 Words

Having a college degree is considered to a vital part of being successful in today’s day and age. College degrees are really expensive, but in a long run they really pay off. College can be a big financial burden so with that being said, in my opinion, I think community college should offer free tuition with some sort of standards to be eligible for free tuition. President Barack Obama conveyed a speech at Macomb Community College in Warren, Michigan this past September. President Obama proposed a free educational cost at any two-year junior college at length of their stay as long as they were at least half-time students, and they keep up a base evaluation point normal of no less than 2.5 and the administration would cover seventy five percent of the costs to the state getting the remaining total as stated by Silvia Munguia. CQ researcher Silvia Munguia, states that â€Å"Although some people may disapprove of the proposal, arguing that the country would lose a lot of mo ney and that offering free community colleges would not necessarily improve our educational system nor guarantee students graduation from college, it is definitely a great starting point.† I agree with this because at the end of the day, you have to start somewhere. Munguia also states â€Å"There are many benefits of making the first two years of college free. If Obama s proposal passes more people will be able to attend college and be better prepared upon entering the job market. Free community collegesShow MoreRelatedWill Free Colleges Solve The Student Debt Crisis?1479 Words   |  6 PagesWill Free Colleges solve the Student Debt Crisis? Every American student has a dream to go to college and to be debt-free. Due to the upcoming presidential elections, candidate Senator Bernie Sanders wants to introduce a bill that would cover the tuition costs for students who attend two and four-year institution. This question makes many Americans wonder, will free public colleges solve the student debt crisis. Although free tuition would help stop the fast-paced growth of the Student Debt CrisisRead MoreEffects Of Raised Tuition On College Students1068 Words   |  5 PagesGovernment, W2 Adreana Hailu 10/1/2015 â€Æ' College Tuition Over the past few years there have been noticeable effects of raised tuition on college students throughout U.S. According to a recent College Board report, tuition and fees at four-year public institutions have increased by 31 percent (democrats.edworkforce.house.gov, Committee of education and the work force democrats). It’s not uncommon that students take out loans to afford college and later find themselves drowning in debts. NotRead MoreShould Taxpayers Fund College Tuition? No?909 Words   |  4 Pages2015 Should Taxpayers Fund College Tuition? No Dear Representative John Kline, Executive Summary: In the United States, college should remain an accessible opportunity for Americans. Any one who is willing to put in the hard work and effort to make their future better, should be secured an education. A college education is important to one s future and can make a huge difference in how successful someone can become. There have been multiple presidents and politicians offer a solutionRead MoreThe California State University System s Board Of Trustees1537 Words   |  7 PagesOn March 22nd, 2017, the California State University system’s Board of Trustees voted yes to a tuition increase (Xia). Up until the morning before this decision arose, several California State University students were advocating for free tuition, or at least to stop this tuition increase, from Cal State Fullerton having postcards that can be signed to be sent to the Board of Trustees to students protesting in front of the Chancellor’s office in Long Beach (Xia). Although this battle was a lost forRead MoreThe Debate On College Tuition Essay951 Words   |  4 PagesDebate on College Tuition In our country, several young students in pursuit of a higher education, must work overtime at the local McDonalds, flipping burgers, to pay for their college tuition; while trying to juggle school work and study time during their limited free time. Meanwhile these students live in a country who has buried itself trillions in debt with no end in sight. Sadly, this is the environment that sets up the impassioned debate on whether college tuition should be free in our countryRead MoreFree College Is Not A Great Idea Right? Essay981 Words   |  4 Pageshere, free college sounds like a great idea right? We are all college students and you would think that we would want free college more than anyone. However, I have done research from credible sources that shows me free college is not as great as it may sound on paper. Bernie Sander’s free college plan will not work as it is intended to. The plan will not work because free does not equal more highly educated people, it will do more harm than good to our economy financially, and having a college degreeRead MoreThe Importance Of Higher Education1516 Words   |  7 Pagesstudents begin to debate the significance of a higher education and question the importance of obtaining a college degree. However, attaining a college education offers opportunities for graduates that can not be received without it. Unlike previous generations, students who graduate high school today are not able to acquire the several well-paying jobs that were once offered. Today, graduating college compares to the importance of graduating high school decades ago. America has turned into an economyRead MoreThe Benefits Of A College Education1032 Words   |  5 PagesA college education has become a necessity in today’s society. Students all around the country are putting so much effort into getting perfect grades. Trying to finance every stu dents education has become difficult. Although, many students, teachers, and other people have wondered if giving students a free tuition should be granted. I believe that students should be granted a free tuition and that it should be funded by the U.S government because this could help students focus more on their studiesRead MoreStudent Debt Owed By 40 Million People1222 Words   |  5 PagesA. The number is huge and significant. But does it mean free public college tuition will help solve the problem? II. Free public college has been a controversial topic as Bernie Sanders advocates this issue on his campaign. A. People have been talking about how free public college tuition can bring a bright future to the United States. B. However, they don’t realize its hidden effects when they don’t look at the low public college tuition with overloaded students, which can be used as a model toRead MoreCommunity College Tuition Plan Raises Doubts789 Words   |  4 Pagespeople who stated their insight such as president Stanley from Westmoreland County Community College, David Patti president and CEO of the Pennsylvania Business Council and Laura Fisher, senior vice president with Allegheny Conference who agreed that if students are given the opportunity to progress in school it could mean a better economy in the future. By giving students paid tuition in community colleges it could mean they would go to a university to finish a bachelors in a major that interests

Essay on The Great Depression - 2259 Words

The Great Depression was a time of sadness and poverty for many. It became an unforgettable historical time in American history. The author of the book The Great Depression, Pierre Berton gives a clear view of what happened from 1929-1941. He basically outlines the Depression event by event, explaining what happened where and who was involved. Although many books can tell stories of the depression, I think the author of this book did a good job getting all the facts and letting the reader know exactly what happened. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It is easily shown that the author, Pierre Berton, didn’t show much opinion in this book. He mainly focused on just the facts. He would however give some personal views of reasons for certain†¦show more content†¦The sluggish economy drastically reduced the quantity of goods and services bought and sold. The industrial and financial urban centers suffered from large numbers of business failures, which came about in 1932 with over 30,000 failures world wide. Almost 2500 banks were forced to close their doors because of lack of liquid assets. Because of these massive closings and shut downs, it led to massive unemployment. Unemployment was at an unheard high of 25 percent in 1933. As a result of this, children received inadequate nutrition and healthcare. Starvation had become an everyday occurrence. Some unemployed were evicted from their homes and left in search of jobs or charity. Between 1928 and 1932, the suicide rate in the US rose 30 perc ent because many people who had lost everything had committed suicide in shame of their losses. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;According to Pierre Berton, the depression in both rural and urban areas demonstrated the inability of the US economy to cope with the impact of the of the stock market crash. Everything that could go wrong did for the citizens living in America in the 1930s. The author explains three main ideas of why the economy took so long to recover for the market crash according to economists. One being that inequality of wealth and income lead to instability and set the stage for the big impact the depression had on those at the bottom of the economic world. Secondly the industrialShow MoreRelatedThe Depression Of The Great Depression1223 Words   |  5 Pagesfar-reaching consequences as the Great Depression. This experience was the most extended and severe depression of the Western world. It was an economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until 1939. A large amount of America’s labor force lost their jobs and suffered during this crisis. During the nati on’s financial disaster, Franklin Delano Roosevelt became president and made extensive changes to America’s political structure. The effects of the Great Depression had lasting consequences that areRead MoreThe Depression Of The Great Depression1232 Words   |  5 Pagespeople think that the stock crash was to blame for the Great Depression but that is not correct. Both the crash and depression were the result of problems with the economy that were still underneath society s minds. The depression affected people in a series of ways: poverty is spreading causing farm distress, unemployment, health, family stresses and unfortunately, discrimination increases. America tended to blame Hoover for the depression and all the problems. When the 1932 election came peopleRead MoreThe Great Depression Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The world had faced two main economic problems. The first one was the Great Depression in the early of 20th Century. The second was the recent international financial crisis in 2008. The United States and Europe suffered severely for a long time from the great depression. The great depression was a great step and changed completely the economic policy making and the economic thoughts. It was not only an economic situation bit it was also miserable making, made people more attentionRead MoreThe Depression Of The Great Depression2071 Words   |  9 PagesPaul Von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler Chancellor on the 30th January 1933. The Depression did play a vital role in this, however other factors such as the Nazis propaganda, the resentment of the Weimar republic and the political situation of 1932-1933 also contributed to his success. Before the Great Depression, the Nazis gained 12 seats and 2.6% of the vote in the May election of 1928. Despite this, by July 1932, Hitler gained 230 seats and 37.3% of the vote in the Reichstag. This is a dramaticRead MoreThe Great Depression1292 Words   |  6 PagesBefore the crash Before the start of the great depression the United States was a country of great economic wealth, with new technology being invented and a boom in industry. Due to a boom in America’s Industry because of World War One the economy was at an all-time high with a tremendous amount of prosperity. Following the end of world war one the industrial might that America had was being used for peaceful, domestic purposes instead of being used for violence and war. New technologies like carsRead MoreThe Great Depression1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920’s was a decade of discovery for America. As mentioned in â€Å"who was roaring in the twenties? —Origins of the great depression,† by Robert S. McElvaine America suffered with the great depression due to several factors but it managed to stay prosperous at the end. In â€Å"America society and culture in the 1920’s,† by David A. Shannon there was much more to the great depression. It was a time of prosperity an economic change. Women and men were discovering who they were and their value to societyRead MoreThe Great Depression1551 Words   |  6 PagesThe G reat Depression was one of the most devastating events recorded in history. The nation as a whole plummeted in one economic downfall. Few individuals escaped the effects of the depression. The hardship of unemployment and the loss of homes and farms were a large portion of the pain caused by the economic crisis. Through all of these sufferings, women had a large impact on society. Women faced heavy discrimination and social criticism during the Depression Even though through research it is provenRead MoreThe Great Depression1186 Words   |  5 Pagesfriends is the true definition of of what the Great Depression really was. It was a time that most people want to never remember or ever happen again. You would think the United States would have learned from their mistakes but it seems we are going down the same road once again without even taking a step back and realizing it. When people talk about the Great Depression not a single person will have anything good to say about it. It ca used families a great deal of pain that they will never forget. WithRead MoreThe Great Depression1368 Words   |  6 PagesAfter WW1 the Great Depression had a very late impact on the major film companies in France, when it did, it unfortunately caused several film studios to go bankrupt, then in the late 1920’s to 1930’s many small film companies and groups emerged giving birth to the tendency called poetic realism. Because the large companies who made films with a focus on making money were gone the filmmakers and artists were able to concern themselves with the art of film, they often took poetic innovations thatRead MoreGreat Depression7197 Words   |  29 PagesGreat Depression From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia {draw:frame} Dorothea Langes Migrant Mother depicts destitute pea pickers in California, centering on Florence Owens Thompson, age 32, a mother of seven children, in Nipomo, California, March 1936. The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression) in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s

Inventory Management in Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre

Question: Discuss about theInventory Management in Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre. Answer: Introduction Inventory management, supply chain methods and purchasing patterns of a firm are important increasing efficiency and profitability of a firm. An analysis of Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre established the need to change inventory management process to reduce financial losses (Chen Paulraj 2004). This report analyses the purchasing patterns of Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre by looking at the benefits and shortcomings of the inventory and purchasing methods being used by the firm. The report further suggests Just in Time inventory management method as the best replaced for the current inventory management through suggesting how the method can be rolled out. Current Purchasing and Inventory Management Processes Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre is run at three levels where each outlet has a manager. The person in charge of each outlet makes independent decisions on the way to manage purchases and inventory within the outlet. The outlets are run based on decentralized purchasing where each manager makes purchases as per the requirements. Each of the stores has different requirements that are purchased according to the market needs. They are based on market purchasing method which is based on the needs within the market. According to Carlyle, Montgomery Runger (2000), decentralized purchasing allows the department managers to establish the demands by the customers and make purchases based on the requirements. This enables the satisfaction of clients through just in time purchase. Managers make an inventory of the most selling products within the locality and stock them. Each of the three outlets is located in a different area that is defines by market needs of the customer. The outlets can easil y adjust the purchase requirements based on the needs they have and the purchasing resources that they have. Through this method the manager pays attention on the inventory requirements and develops a purchasing pattern that is based on the trends in sales. Due to laissez fire management approach within the outlets, inventory management based on fixed order quantity. Under this inventory management process, ordering mistakes are avoided through ensuring that only replenished stocks are replaced for the particular item. In this inventory management method stocks that have reached a minimum level are replaced to the maximum until they have reduced to the minimum stock level (Wild, 2002). The inventory management method is based on product code, minimum stock, maximum stock, stock in hand and recommended order quantity. The idea behind this method is to maintain stock of every item using any structure of keeping and monitoring stocks. Since the outlets are run and managed separately, there is no common stock recording format that is used across all the outlets. Each outlet establishes its maximum and minimum stock of every item that is stocked by the outlets. Since the outlets have different preferred stocks, they developed lists of different products that are in stock and how they are being utilized in the market. Therefore the outlets determined the stocking levels within each specific outlet. This continuous inventory method ensures that there is adequate stock within each outlet to meet the customer needs. If one outlet delays in making orders the inventory can be supplemented through stock from another outlet to ensure continuous supply (Wickramatillake et al 2006). Comparative Advantages and Disadvantages of Decentralized Purchasing and Fixed Order Quantity Inventory Method Decentralized purchasing offers a flexible environment for each outlet to carry out purchasing of the required stocks. Since the stock levels and buying patterns vary from each outlet. Having a decentralized purchase system allows each outlet to make purchase adjustments. This allows attention to be paid on critical stocks that are required by each outlet. Managers are also ,are responsible of the purchases that they make and thus losses as a result of poor purchasing only affect the concerned outlet (Mentzer 2004).. Mageto, Chirchir Ombati (2012), argue that decentralized purchasing allows purchasing the right quantities of the required stock by each outlet. These purchases are in smaller quantities which do not require heavy amounts of money. This means that the stocks are purchased on a rolling basis thus saving time for purchase of the new stock. Further it is easier to make purchases quickly since approval of purchases does not require bureaucracy before approval. Decentralisation of purchasing process, allows the outlets to determine trends in the market that fit the location of the outlet. For example, Brisbane was common with commercial operators who bought items from the outlet and relied on it for spare parts and after sales service. This, therefore, meant that outlets made their purchasing decisions based on the market demands and trends. This difference in purchasing patterns ensured that each outlet is able to satisfy market needs that arise and keep changing (Cousins 2008; Vagstad 2000).Better control and supervision is achieved through decentralized systems. Materials are managed easily through coordination and quick decision making within each outlet. The burden on the CEO is reduced since most of the functions are carried out by the respective manager of the outlet. Fixed quantity inventory method allows outlets o determine the stock levels and make new orders immediately. This inventory method allows for proper and just in time requisition of new stocks. This, therefore, allows for satisfaction of customer needs through maintaining stocks at the minimum required levels (Johnson, 1998) Fixed quantity inventory also allows the organization to determine the required quantities and the market trends that exist. This, therefore, enables the organization to have different purchase patterns that are determined by peak and low seasons within the locality. This is achieved through continuous monitoring of inventory to determine status at every level. However, decentralized purchase system offer little coordination of outlets since each outlet is run on its own. This minimal coordination may lead to unplanned buying of stocks or compromise on quality. This is clearly notice by the fact that different products brands exist in the three stores. There are no specific brands that are uniformly stocked by the three outlets making it difficult to use brands from one outlet by another (Mehra and Inman 2004). Benefits that relate to bulk purchases are lost in decentralized purchasing. Bulk purchases carry heavy discount and many benefits that are given by the supplier. This is because the stocks are purchased from a central point making it easier to enjoy these benefits on a large scale. Reduced prices lead to heavier prices by the firm (Weele van. 2005). Further risks like lack of adequate purchasing skills are avoided since the firm depends on an expert that is in charge of procurement. This, therefore, allows for effective controls of materials where departments are coordinated by a larger unit that ensures materials are utilized well. Supply-chain and Inventory Management Concepts that would help the Company Increase Efficiency and Reduce Investment while Maintaining Adequate Stock Levels? Aigbedo (2004) argues that effective management of inventory is an integral element of supply chain management in any organization. Firms that generate more cash flows use sustainable techniques that are economic friendly to a firm which allows firms to survive in deep economic times. Modern scholars have developed different supply chain and inventory management methods that help businesses to reduce costs and maximise efficiency. Today many firms have adopted Just In Time inventory management technique that enables ordering of only required items. Through just in time method, inventory track and recording enables the firm to determine the exact time that the items are needed. Therefore orders are made just in time to replace the replenished stock before the customer needs it. This order is based on the time delivery of the supplier to ensure that inventory is maintained at the required level. This method is based on the idea of reducing inventory size from bulk purchasing and thus r educing storage costs. Just in Time delivery method is based on several components of production in small lots, short business set up time, high quality delivery and a commitment delivery by the supplier. This method is thus dependent on the efficiency of the whole supply chain system and the inventory management in the firm. Lau (2000), further suggests that, the need for accurate response by the management and the supplier enables the firm to manage their inventory based on future demand predictions. Development of sophisticated inventory management methods will help the management to make accurate inventory forecast based on product demands to five accurate responses by the firm. Bad forecasts will translate to storing costs by the firm which may interfere with the inventory. Therefore the accurate response method will help the firm to easily manage and predict the inventory. To improve inventory management, information technology can be a key component that the firm can take advantage. Many businesses are doing well by adopting information technology in the business processes. Businesses are able to use different tools to monitor and keep track of their inventory. These tools make it easy to update the inventory and share the information between different departments in the organization. Further, the tools are designed to carry out analysis that helps in predicting the future trends that may guide inventory controls within the firm (Cheng and Podolsky 1993).). Recommendations to Ms Green with Respect to Restructuring the Purchasing and Inventory Functions of the Company Canel et al. (2000) argues that, the strategy behind Just in Time inventory management is that excess inventory is expensive to a firm and should thus be minimized as much as possible. This reduced costs increase profitability of the firm through return on investment from ordering and storing costs. To improve this inventory method in a firm, the business needs to improve relationships between the suppliers to ensure that they are able to supply all the items in time. To implement Just in Time within the firm, the following steps need to be followed to change the business Step one: restructuring the inventory to adopt Just in Time system, the need to change the inventory management system to Just in Time may take some time within the firm. This will entail developing new inventory systems that may translate to costs in the firm. They may include developing new structures like buying new computer tools that will be used to run the new inventory system. It will further include orientation of employees to the new system before it is adopted. However, there may be need to roll out both the new and the old inventory systems for sometime before doing away with the old system. Step two: keep track of all the stocks and customer purchases to determine how materials move within the company. This will determine the stock levels that will enable timing of the inventory levels within the firm. Determining the inventory levels will help in establishing order levels and periods that inventories need to be reordered. This will take a whole financial year to determine the trends in the inventory. Step three: determining the stock reorder levels, these levels are determined by an analysis of how the stocks have been moving in the inventory. An analysis of stocks will determine the interval and purchase levels that need to be adopted by the firm. As a manager, the need to control inventory through keeping stocks at the minimum levels helps to reduce storage costs. This will happen immediately after the end of the financial year. The manager should be able to determine peak and low seasons and thus establish reorder levels in peak and low seasons. Step four: keep on improving the inventory management system, implementing an inventory management system based on Just in Time management is not the end of the process,. However, the need to keep improving the process will increase efficiency within the organization. This will be a continuous process, of determining gaps within the system and ways of improving. Conclusion Inventory management systems lead to storage costs that are experienced by many firms. The need to reduce costs has led many firms to adopt Just in Time inventory management systems. This allows firms to keep minimum stock levels and sometimes deliver stocks directly to customers from the supplier without passing through the store. This method helps to minimize storage costs and increase efficiency which adds up to increased profits by the firm. Therefore MS Green needs to change the inventory method in Brisbane Outdoor power and outlets will improve the whole business. Further the need to change the business operations and have a centralized way of purchasing and operations will help in meeting quality standards that will satisfy the clients more and ensure the business gains a competitive advantage (Stevenson, 2001). References Aigbedo H. (2004), Analysis of Parts Requirements Variance For a JIT Supply Chain. International Journal Of Production Research , Vol. 42, pp. 417-430. 3. Canel, C., et al. (2000). Just-in-time Is Not Just for Manufacturing: A Service Perspective .Industrial Management and Data System. 100(2). 51-60. Caryle W.M., Montgomery D.C. 8s Runger G.C. (2000), Optimization Problems and Methods in Quality Control and Improvement. Journal of Quality Technology, Vol. 32, pp. 1-17.9. Chen I.J. Paulraj A. (2004), Understanding Supply Chain Management: Critical Research and a Theoretical Framework, International Journal Of production Research, Vol. 42, pp. 131-164. 7. Cheng T.C.E and Podolsky S, (1993).Just-in-Time Manufacturing -an Introduction, Chapman and Hall, London. Cousins, P., Lamming, R., Lawson, B. Squire, B. (2008). Strategic supply management, Principles, theories and practice, Financial Times Prentice Hall, Harlow. Dubois, Anna, and Luis Araujo. (2007). Case research in purchasing and supply management: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management 13 (3):170-181. Johnson, P.F., Leenders, M.R. Fearon, H.E. (1998)The influence of organizational factors on purchasing activities, Journal of Supply Chain Management, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 10-19. Lau R.M.S.(2000). A Synergistic Analysis of Joint JIT-TQM Implementation. International Journal of Production Research. Vo1.38, pp. 2037-2049. 18. Mageto, J. Chirchir, M., Ombati, T. (2012).Fundamentals of Inventory Management: An introduction to inventory control models. Mehra, Satish, and R. Anthony Inman. (2004).Purchasing Management and Business Competitiveness in the Coming Decade. Production Planning and Control 15, no. 7: 710718. Mentzer, J.T. (2004). Fundamental of Supply Chain Management, Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. Stevenson, G. (2001). Just-in-time: The Reincarnation of Past Theory and Practice. Management decision. 39(10). 866-879. Vagstad, Steinar. (2000). Centralized vs. decentralized procurement: Does dispersed information call for decentralized decision-making? International Journal of Industrial Organization18 (6):949-963. Weele, Arjan J. van. (2005). Purchasing supply chain management : analysis, strategy, planning and practice. 4th ed. London: Thomson. Wild, T. (2002). Best Practice in Inventory Management (2nd Ed.).Oxford, Great Britain: Published by Elsevier Science Limited.

Rhetoric in design

Abstract Aristotle, the world’s illustrious genius is the one who discovered and put into perspective the three rhetoric devices namely ethos, pathos and logos. Rhetoric is credible art of making persuasive appeal to the potential audience through deliberate use of argumentative convincing language.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetoric in design specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay puts in to perspective the use of rhetoric literal devices utilized in both verbal and written communication in contemporary art design work such as product design. The introductory section serves as the synopsis highlighting the key uses of the three elements of rhetoric. Further this paper will elaborately show the usage of these devices through pictorial examples appended on this paper. To wrap up, this paper will review why the rhetoric devices serve such a momentous role in the field of art and design. Introducti on Rhetoric brings out the oomph in a communication; it is the spice that seasons the words of a speaker enthralling the awaiting audience to yearn for more. As George categorically stated, rhetoric entombs the power of words, the energy in communication (1992, 1). The driving force behind the speaker’s words and the vigor remitted through is utterances in nutshell explain rhetoric. Evidently, rhetoric empowers speakers to prey at the credulity of the awaiting audience swaying them to the desired state. Kennedy summarily, states that the ethos of a speaker exudes the speaker’s character credibility, logos comprise of the persuasive evidence presented to the audience and then pathos carries with it the emotional appeal that arouses the audience to feel and grasp the sentiments of the information send forth. Dewey, adds into Kennedy’s perspective but takes it a notch higher by suggesting that rhetoric can be implemented in both language and design (1958, 46) Desig n comprises of wide range of products and artifacts, rhetoric can be utilized in both fine arts and in industrial production. In a close rejoinder, John continues to say that,’ when approaching design from a rhetorical perspective the hypothesis should be that all products are clear arguments about how we should lead our lives† (Lawson 2004, 56). Consequently, the potential buyers are likely to purchase products in accordance with the degree of persuasion. McKeon categorically stated that rhetoric is widespread device covering a wide scope of disciplines shared among myriad disciplines (1987, 186). Further, the author proceeds to say that rhetoric provides a conduit through which theoretical experiences are brought into solid practice (192). Buchanan states that â€Å"a statement that relates this to product design in that the designer’s work is to conceptualize and evaluate ideas, then make them tangible through products that are expected to have an appeal to t he final user† (1988, 12).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To sum up all these ideas, the new rhetoric of our modern days has become a cementing factor fusing words and things. A creative art becomes the most ideal podium through which modern rhetoric can be extravagantly exhibited. General overview of rhetoric and Rhetoric in design In a critical review Hauser extended the idea that rhetoric is a communication which endeavors to coordinate social action. (1986, 2) In other words, rhetoric has a sole goal of affecting and influencing the decision making capability of the human mind. Rhetoric swerves the normal human thinking agility persuading it to make choice in a specific premeditated manner. Rhetoric plays a significant role of creating a persuasive, instructive piece which veers the potential audience towards making a certain anticipated decision. Michael (1981, 45) qu oting Aristotle, also adds that rhetoric is â€Å"the ability, in each particular case, to see the available means of persuasion.† He then goes on to describe three main forms of rhetoric. ‘These are Ethos, Logos, and Pathos. What’s This? Richard (1998, 23-25) in order for rhetoric to take its root in the anticipated potential audience the person conveying the message should show integrity and should be a trustworthy source to the prospective audience. The credibility of a person is drawn from his proficiency and his past experiences; the person must have ethical appeal, should be humane and show consideration to the feelings of the potential audience. The logos facet of the rhetoric devises appeals to the logic and the common sense of the audience. The information provided should be backed up with solid evidence in order to appease the reasoning of the awaiting audience. Pathos, on the other hand has appeals on the emotional sentiments of the budding audience so that they not only use their logic but also their feelings in making decisions Michael (1981, 6), putting rhetoric devices in product designs states that ethos exude the touch of the designer bringing out the voice of the product. Logos persuades to the logic of the audience on the significance of design and pathos forms the personality of the manufacturer. A different way of looking at logos in product design is that they entomb the intelligence, the refined thinking and the summary of the message the designers sought to send across. The message garnered in a product is highlighted in a simplified and highly acceptable manner using a logo.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetoric in design specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When the person manufacturing or designing a product appeals to the audience, through his credibility and acquired reputation; the element of pathos is keenly brought into use in this case. I n order for a designed product to be popular, people must be able to trust its manufacturer, the mode of its design and the reason for its usage. The three elements of rhetoric are thus brought into play. Designs in relation to the theory of rhetoric Gerard states that the rhetorical terms of logos, ethos and pathos can easily be mapped onto design in a straightforward way (1986, 9). The three elements compliment each other as they blend to exude a product that both appeals to the human senses and the logic. In the following cases, there are illustrative diagrams which highlight how the three elements of rhetoric namely ethos, logos and pathos come into interplay during product design. Ethos Conall (2007, 9), states, that, ethos of a designer can be considered to be his or her broad reputation and standing; this also applies to a particular company or brand reputation or credibility. Some designers and brands have a great deal of credibility with certain audiences to an extent that some names are household words and are popular world wide. This is influenced by the fact that the behavior of people is affected by certain brands which is the basic idea formulated by their manufacturers. They design their products in a special way that never fails to influence their thoughts and behavior on the brand in question. According to Conall (2007, 9), the brand speaks to the buyer who is finally persuaded to buy it due to its outstanding quality and practicability. Consumers also love to buy items that remind them of important events in their lives other than them meeting their needs. This is what brings out the mutual connection between design and rhetoric and this is further explained in the various inventions that come up everyday making design evolutional. For, example as stated by Nora (2009, 46), Scavolini brand, shown in the diagram below, ‘is a furniture company in Italy; the company that best succeeds in satisfying its consumer’s most varied and con crete demands in terms of styling, functionality, safety and durability’. It hence commands more credibility than most company’s in this area. This is evident from the number of loyal market it controls world wide. Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fig1. (Sample ethos) The ultimate kitchen by scavolini 2009,1) Logos Buchanan (1998, 24), states that ‘people will usually evaluate a design before buying it; this means that consumers make comparison. In order for a brand to stand out, its design and the presentation should make a hard sell to the consumer even before they use it. Creative manufacturers then go a step further to create brand loyalty that appeals to a specific niche of the customers. The brand names, the color schemes and even the taglines used of products create the initial appeal on the customers impelling them to choose one product over the others. The various forms of communication and persuasion that lead to people being convinced that they want a particular product or a particular designer’s work constitute the logos,(Buchanan, 2001 ,24).The following is analysis of a sample logos by Capital Logo Design (2009): Figure2: Capital Logo Design (2009) A statement from Capital Logo Design (2009) states that this logo was designed for a Shell Oil wholesaler. In order to make sure that his customers gets to know from which company he obtains oil from, these client requested the Shell logo to be incorporated into the design. This is a clear way of how a logo tries to convince a customer about a particular product. Pathos According to Buchanan (1998, 25), pathos to a designer is incorporating features that appeal to specific groups of individuals. This is the susceptibility of the consumer to a certain product. Conall (2007, 16) states that, fashion victims epitomize this dimension of design. This means that those that are fashion-conscious have a list of â€Å"must-have† brands that depends on their design. The picture below tries to further explain what pathos is to a consumer: Figure3: ZilSOUND (2010, 24) By going through the features provided in the mobile phone brand above in the picture, people desiring to have the latest mobile phone or other could be swayed in to buyi ng it. Conall (2007, 16), ‘in his study suggest that, rhetoric is increasingly seen as a comprehensive tool for evaluation.’ This can hence give designers a means of dealing with consumer values and requirements. Conall (2007, 16), proceeds to say that, ‘the new Rhetoric as portrayed in design can facilitate areas of human activity which entail a synthesis of ideas and competing values in order to arrive at a best outcomes. Tancred (2004, 22), then adds that, â€Å"it has then been established that rhetoric is not concerned with any single delimited kind of subject but is like a language and a useful art†. Lawson continues to state that, â€Å"it is clear that its function is not persuasion but rather the detection of the persuasive aspects of each† (2004, 53). As Postman and Weingarten (1969, 23) have pointed out, Rhetoric is a form of communication, and the main purpose of communication is to affect the behaviour of others; design influences behavi or in a special way: In today’s consumer design the object must speak to the potential purchaser to persuade him or her to buy. Conclusion In order for the modern designers to retain their credibility in the highly competitive world mired with cutthroat competition; they must be able to renovate and change with times. The ability to adapt to changes, embracing new tactics and skills in the highly dynamic industrial world is the only way contemporary designers can survive and retain their relevance in the art and design field. Design is in itself evolutional and designers are faced with the task of being on their toes at all times in order to counter the changing demands that characterize the design industry. To achieve this, they must keep abreast with the newest trends in the market and carry out surveys on their clientele base to understand their needs. This way, they stand a better chance to give them practical designs which will also reflect their values. Ethos, pathos an d logos come in hardy to give a finishing touch to the art designs in order to give them the desired appeal. These principles make rhetoric a worthy and valuable skill that helps designers sway their audience who in return show loyalty by making these brands their preferred designs. Reference List Buchanan, Richard. 1998. â€Å"Branzi’s Dilemma: Design in Contemporary Culture Design.† Design Issues 14(1). Capital Logo Design.2009. â€Å"Logo design samples†. March 19. Web. Hauser, Gerard.1986. â€Å"Introduction to Rhetorical Theory†. June 14, http://science.jrank.org/pages/8057/Rhetoric.html#ixzz0yAa0B9 John, Dewey.1958. Art as an Experience. New York: Capricorn Books. Kennedy, George. 1992. â€Å"A Hoot in the Dark†. April 16. Web. Ó Cathà ¡in Conall. 2007. Is Design Research simply rhetoric? Design Studies. Belfast, N. Ireland: Queen’s University 3(3). Postman, Cannon Weingarten.1969.Teaching as a Subversive Activity. New York: Doub leday. Reed, Nora. (2009). â€Å"Online home furniture magazine†. 2 July. Web. Richard, McKeon. 1987. Essays in Invention and Discovery. Woodbridge CT: Ox Bow Press Shugrue, Michael. 1981. The art of rhetoric. Design and the New Pennsylvania State University: University Park, PA. Tancred, Lawson. 2004. The Art of Rhetoric: Translated with an Introduction and Notes. London: Penguin Books. ZilSOUND. 2010. â€Å"Mobile phone†. 25 Aug. Web. This essay on Rhetoric in design was written and submitted by user Peter Nixon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Specific Gravity - Definition of Specific Gravity

Specific Gravity - Definition of Specific Gravity The specific gravity of a substance is the ratio of its density to a specified reference substance. This ratio is a pure number, containing no units. If the specific gravity ratio for a given substance is less than 1, that means the material will float in the reference substance. When the specific gravity ratio for a given material is greater than 1, that means the material will sink in the reference substance. This is related to the concept of buoyancy. The iceberg floats in the ocean (as in the picture) because its specific gravity in reference to the water is less than 1. This rising vs. sinking phenomenon is the reason that the term specific gravity is applied, although gravity itself plays no significant role in this process. Even in a substantially different gravitational field, the density relationships would be unchanged. For this reason, it would be far better to apply the term relative density between two substances, but for historical reasons, the term specific gravity has stuck around. Specific Gravity for Fluids For fluids, the reference substance is usually the water, with a density of  1.00 x 103 kg/m3  at 4 degrees Celsius (waters densest temperature), used to determine whether or not the fluid will sink or float in water. In homework, this is usually assumed to be the reference substance when working with liquids. Specific Gravity for Gases For gases, the reference substance is usually normal air at room temperature, which has a density of approximately 1.20 kg/m3. In homework, if the reference substance is not specified for a specific gravity problem, it is usually safe to assume that you are using this as your reference substance. Equations for Specific Gravity The specific gravity (SG) is a ratio of the density of the substance of interest (Ï i) to the density of the reference substance (Ï r). (Note: The Greek symbol rho, Ï , is commonly used to represent density.) That can be determined using the following formula: SG Ï i à · Ï r Ï i / Ï r Now, considering that the density is calculated from mass and volume through the equation Ï  m/V, this means that if you took two substances of the same volume, the SG could be rewritten as a ratio of their individual masses: SG Ï i / Ï rSG mi/V / mr/VSG mi / mr And, since the weight W mg, that leads to a formula written as a ratio of weights: SG mi / mrSG mig / mrgSG Wi / Wr It is important to remember that this equation only works with our earlier assumption that the volume of the two substances is equal, so when we talk about the weights of the two substances in this last equation, it is the weight of equal volumes of the two substances. So if we wanted to find out the specific gravity of ethanol to water, and we know the weight of one gallon of water, then we would need to know the weight of one gallon of ethanol to complete the calculation. Or, alternately, if we knew the specific gravity of ethanol to water, and knew the weight of one gallon of water, we could use this last formula to find the weight of one gallon of ethanol. (And, knowing that, we could use it to find the weight of another volume of ethanol by converting. These are the sorts of tricks that you may well find among homework problems that incorporate these concepts.) Applications of Specific Gravity Specific gravity is a concept that shows up in a variety of industrial applications, particularly as it relates to fluid dynamics. For example, if youve ever taken your car in for service and the mechanic showed you how small plastic balls floated in your transmission fluid, youve seen specific gravity in action. Depending on the specific application in question, those industries may use the concept with a different reference substance than water or air. The earlier assumptions applied only to homework. When you are working on a real project, you should know for sure what your specific gravity is in reference to, and shouldnt have to make assumptions about it.

How to French Interrogative Pronouns Qui and Que

How to French Interrogative Pronouns Qui and Que French has three interrogative pronouns: qui  que, and lequel, which are used to ask questions. They all have differences in meaning and usage. Note that lequel  is a more complicated case and, as such, is addressed separately. Also, while qui and que are also  relative pronouns,  we are only discussing them here in their function as interrogative pronouns. How to Use Qui   Qui  means  who  or  whom; it is used when asking about people. When  who  is the  subject  of the question, you can use either  qui  or  qui est-ce qui. The word order cannot be inverted, and the verb is always third person singular. Qui veut le faire  ? / Qui est-ce qui veut le faire  ?   Who wants to do it?Qui parle  ? / Qui est-ce qui parle  ?   Who is speaking? When whom is the object of the question, qui can be followed by either est-ce que or inversion, as in: Qui est-ce que vous aimez  ? / Qui aimez-vous ?   Whom do you love?Qui est-ce que tu vois  ? / Qui vois-tu  ?   Whom do you see? Qui can also follow a preposition. qui est-ce que tu parles  ? / qui parles-tu  ?   To whom are you speaking?De qui est-ce que tu dà ©pends  ? / De qui dà ©pends-tu  ?   Upon whom do you depend? How to Use Que Que means what and is used to refer to ideas or things. When  what  is the subject of the question, you must use  quest-ce qui  followed by a verb in the third person singular, with no inversion. Quest-ce qui se passe  ?   Whats happening?Quest-ce qui est tombà © sur la terre  ?   What fell on the ground? When what is the object of the question, it can be followed by est-ce que or inversion. Quest-ce quil veut  ? / Que veut-il  ?   What does he want?Quest-ce que tu penses de mon idà ©e  ? / Que penses-tu de mon idà ©e  ?   What do you think of my idea?Quest-ce que cest (que cela)  ?   What is that? Que to Quoi After a preposition, que changes to quoi. De quoi est-ce que vous parlez  ? / De quoi parlez-vous ?   What are you talking about? quoi est-ce quil travaille  ? / quoi travaille-t-il  ?   Whats he working on? More Examples of the Interrogative  Qui and Que Qui donc ta frappà ©Ã‚  ?   Who hit you? Qui est-ce qui en veut  ?   Who wants some ? Qui cherchez-vous  ?   Who are you looking for? Cest qui  ?  Ã‚  Whose is it,  to whom does it belong? qui le tour  ?   Whose turn (is it) ? De qui parles-tu  ?   Who  (ou  whom) are you talking about? Qui est-ce que tu connais ici  ?   Who do you know around here? qui est-ce que je dois de largent  ?   Who do I owe money to ?,  to whom do I owe money?  (soutenu) Quy a-t-il  ?   Whats the matter ? Que devient-elle  ?   Whats become of her? Quest-ce que je vois / jentends  ? What is this I see / hear ? Quest-ce qui tarrive  ?   Whats the matter with you? Quest-ce que la libertà ©Ã‚  ?   What is freedom? Summary of French Interrogative Pronouns Subject of question Object of question After preposition People quiqui est-ce qui quiqui est-ce que qui Things quest-ce qui quequest-ce que quoi